Larynx height influences on vowel production
Dan Dediu (with Rick Janssen & Scott Moisik)
24 February, 2018
- Data description
- The standard VTL2 and observed LEN and VTLRatio values
- Plotting vowels and vowel distinctness in the formant space space
- Principal Component Analysis
- Stats (mobile hyoid only)
- Acoustics on VTRatio and articulatory parameters
- PC1 – PC3 on VTRatio
- Overall acoustic error over F1 – F5 on VTRatio
- Is VT ratio compensated by other articulators?
- Acoustics on LEN and articulatory parameters
- Overall acoustic error over F1 – F5 on LEN
- Is larynx base height compensated by other articulators?
Data description
Important parameters are if the hyoid is fixed or mobile (fixed.hyoid), the condition (or, equivalently, the numeric LEN; see Table below) describing where the hyoid is placed on the vertical dimension, the vowel (i, a, ae, schwa, and u), replication, and the generation when the best elite performance was reached.
| condition | LEN |
|---|---|
| larynx_1 | -9.45 |
| larynx_3 | -8.85 |
| larynx_5 | -8.25 |
| larynx_7 | -7.65 |
| larynx_9 | -7.05 |
| larynx_11 | -6.45 |
Each sound is characterized by the first five formants F1 – F5 as well as by the following 16 articulatory parameters:
- HX, HY: hyoid position (horizontal and vertical) – N.B. these will actually be ignored because the next two are more precise and valid,
- hyoidX, hyoidY: hyoid position (horizontal and vertical) as defined by Nishimura (2006),
- JA: jaw angle,
- LP: lid protrusion,
- LD: lip distance,
- TCX, TCY: tongue body position (horizontal and vertical),
- TTX, TTY: tongue tip position (horizontal and vertical),
- TBX, TBY: tongue blade position (horizontal and vertical),
- SVTv, SVTh, VTRatio: the vertical and hortizontal VT length (as defined by Nishimura, 2006) and the ratio of SVTh/(SVTv + SVTh). For comparison purposes, the LEN and elite VT ratio are very well correlated (overall: Pearson’s r = 0.96, p = 0); fixed hyoid: r = 1.00, p = 0); mobile hyoid: r = 0.99, p = 0)), and the figure below shows the relationship between the two:
## For [ə] mobile & fixed intersection is: -8.42 at 0.43
## For [ɑ] mobile & fixed intersection is: -8.4 at 0.43
## For [æ] mobile & fixed intersection is: -8.58 at 0.43
## For [i] mobile & fixed intersection is: -8.3 at 0.43
## For [u] mobile & fixed intersection is: -8.11 at 0.44
Quadratic regression of VTratio on LEN separately for fixed and mobile hyoid by vowel with 95% confidence intervals.
Regression VTratio on LEN:
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = VTRatio_elite ~ LEN + I(LEN^2) + vowel + fixed.hyoid,
## data = results)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.022870 -0.007136 -0.000362 0.006875 0.025924
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 8.533e-01 8.066e-03 105.789 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN 6.682e-02 2.053e-03 32.552 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2) 2.034e-03 1.289e-04 15.778 < 2e-16 ***
## vowela -3.288e-05 3.660e-04 -0.090 0.928423
## vowelae 1.231e-03 3.660e-04 3.363 0.000775 ***
## voweli -7.909e-04 3.660e-04 -2.161 0.030754 *
## vowelu -1.758e-03 3.660e-04 -4.802 1.61e-06 ***
## fixed.hyoidTRUE -7.032e-03 2.315e-04 -30.378 < 2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.008966 on 5992 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.9403, Adjusted R-squared: 0.9402
## F-statistic: 1.349e+04 on 7 and 5992 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16| LEN | mean(fixed) | mean(mobile) | mean(fixed-mobile) | t | df | p | Bonferroni-adjusted p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| -9.45 | 0.4071957 | 0.3908559 | 0.0163398 | -48.63139 | 499 | 1.8e-191 | 1.08e-190 |
| -8.85 | 0.4211313 | 0.4162803 | 0.0048510 | -27.99228 | 499 | 2.34e-104 | 1.4e-103 |
| -8.25 | 0.4360373 | 0.4390294 | -0.0029920 | 11.98859 | 499 | 2.81e-29 | 1.69e-28 |
| -7.65 | 0.4520163 | 0.4592161 | -0.0071998 | 26.87162 | 499 | 5e-99 | 3e-98 |
| -7.05 | 0.4691827 | 0.4908364 | -0.0216537 | 72.96072 | 499 | 2.28e-268 | 1.37e-267 |
| -6.45 | 0.4876670 | 0.5192070 | -0.0315400 | 151.73500 | 499 | 0 | 0 |
For each sound, there’s a target (acoustic and articulatory) the same across conditions and replications, and the actual best (or elite) realization in a given condition and replication, from which we also computed the squared error between the target the elite values for each of the F1 – F5.
| vowel | F1 | F2 | F3 | F4 | F5 | HX | HY | JA | LP | LD | TCX | TCY | TTX | TTY | TBX | TBY | SVTv | SVTh | VTRatio |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| a | 6.59 | 8.34 | 15.11 | 15.91 | 18.03 | 0.13 | -4.75 | -6.73 | 0.22 | 2.48 | -0.77 | -2.53 | 2.17 | -2.16 | 1.01 | -1.28 | 9.17 | 7.32 | 0.44 |
| ae | 6.69 | 12.02 | 14.69 | 16.32 | 18.19 | 0.34 | -3.55 | -7.00 | 0.46 | 2.54 | 1.06 | -2.06 | 3.82 | -1.75 | 2.83 | -0.83 | 7.97 | 7.32 | 0.48 |
| i | 2.29 | 14.05 | 15.63 | 16.52 | 17.88 | 1.00 | -4.68 | -0.98 | -0.55 | 0.28 | 2.20 | -0.71 | 4.42 | -1.17 | 3.77 | 0.27 | 9.10 | 7.32 | 0.45 |
| schwa | 5.13 | 9.50 | 14.55 | 16.08 | 18.04 | 0.99 | -4.14 | -1.93 | 0.24 | 1.66 | 0.24 | -1.33 | 2.61 | -1.70 | 2.00 | -0.48 | 8.56 | 7.32 | 0.46 |
| u | 2.72 | 5.07 | 15.14 | 15.79 | 16.96 | 1.00 | -5.70 | -4.57 | 1.00 | 0.14 | -0.50 | -1.32 | 1.87 | -0.41 | 1.40 | 0.46 | 10.14 | 7.32 | 0.42 |
| ae | 6.68 | 12.01 | 14.72 | 16.33 | 18.20 | 0.34 | -3.55 | -7.00 | 0.46 | 2.54 | 1.06 | -2.06 | 3.82 | -1.75 | 2.83 | -0.83 | 8.00 | 7.32 | 0.48 |
The standard VTL2 and observed LEN and VTLRatio values
The “standard” LEN value for VTL2 is -7.95; we used this value to predict the corresponding VTLRatio in the quadratic regression of VTLRatio ~ LEN + I(LEN^2) + vowel separately for fixed and mobile hyoid per vowel, and we obtained the following point estimates and 95% prediction intervals:
| hyoid | LEN | vowel | fit | lwr | upr |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| fixed | -7.95 | schwa | 0.444 | 0.444 | 0.444 |
| fixed | -7.95 | a | 0.444 | 0.444 | 0.444 |
| fixed | -7.95 | ae | 0.444 | 0.444 | 0.444 |
| fixed | -7.95 | i | 0.444 | 0.444 | 0.444 |
| fixed | -7.95 | u | 0.444 | 0.444 | 0.444 |
| mobile | -7.95 | schwa | 0.450 | 0.450 | 0.451 |
| mobile | -7.95 | a | 0.450 | 0.450 | 0.451 |
| mobile | -7.95 | ae | 0.453 | 0.452 | 0.453 |
| mobile | -7.95 | i | 0.449 | 0.448 | 0.449 |
| mobile | -7.95 | u | 0.447 | 0.446 | 0.448 |
Plotting vowels and vowel distinctness in the formant space space
Vowel plots
Fixed hyoid
Mobile hyoid
Stats
F1
## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## fixed.hyoid 1 0 0 1.298e+01 0.000318 ***
## VTRatio_elite 1 44 44 2.708e+03 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio_elite^2) 1 1 1 3.833e+01 6.37e-10 ***
## vowel 4 17798 4450 2.742e+05 < 2e-16 ***
## replication 1 0 0 3.000e-03 0.955017
## fixed.hyoid:vowel 4 1 0 2.135e+01 < 2e-16 ***
## VTRatio_elite:vowel 4 15 4 2.318e+02 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowel 4 22 5 3.383e+02 < 2e-16 ***
## Residuals 5979 97 0
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = f1.lm)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa 1.2426248 1.2284353 1.2568143 0
## ae-schwa 1.4291830 1.4149935 1.4433725 0
## i-schwa -2.7672761 -2.7814655 -2.7530866 0
## u-schwa -2.1399505 -2.1541400 -2.1257610 0
## ae-a 0.1865582 0.1723687 0.2007477 0
## i-a -4.0099009 -4.0240904 -3.9957114 0
## u-a -3.3825753 -3.3967648 -3.3683858 0
## i-ae -4.1964590 -4.2106485 -4.1822695 0
## u-ae -3.5691335 -3.5833230 -3.5549440 0
## u-i 0.6273256 0.6131361 0.6415151 0##
## Call:
## lm(formula = F1_elite ~ fixed.hyoid + VTRatio_elite + I(VTRatio_elite^2) +
## vowel + (fixed.hyoid:vowel) + (VTRatio_elite:vowel) + (I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowel) +
## replication, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.74278 -0.05434 0.00134 0.04709 1.16453
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 3.623e+00 5.406e-01 6.702 2.25e-11 ***
## fixed.hyoidTRUE -1.017e-02 8.101e-03 -1.255 0.20959
## VTRatio_elite 6.740e+00 2.408e+00 2.799 0.00514 **
## I(VTRatio_elite^2) -7.524e+00 2.659e+00 -2.829 0.00468 **
## vowela -5.901e+00 7.847e-01 -7.520 6.27e-14 ***
## vowelae -1.568e+01 8.463e-01 -18.528 < 2e-16 ***
## voweli 7.442e+00 7.546e-01 9.863 < 2e-16 ***
## vowelu 3.981e+00 7.653e-01 5.202 2.04e-07 ***
## replication -1.329e-05 5.697e-05 -0.233 0.81551
## fixed.hyoidTRUE:vowela -8.778e-02 1.141e-02 -7.690 1.70e-14 ***
## fixed.hyoidTRUE:vowelae -2.331e-02 1.136e-02 -2.053 0.04015 *
## fixed.hyoidTRUE:voweli 1.770e-02 1.130e-02 1.566 0.11747
## fixed.hyoidTRUE:vowelu 7.760e-02 1.134e-02 6.846 8.38e-12 ***
## VTRatio_elite:vowela 3.213e+01 3.492e+00 9.201 < 2e-16 ***
## VTRatio_elite:vowelae 7.249e+01 3.750e+00 19.330 < 2e-16 ***
## VTRatio_elite:voweli -4.670e+01 3.358e+00 -13.906 < 2e-16 ***
## VTRatio_elite:vowelu -3.026e+01 3.410e+00 -8.875 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowela -3.567e+01 3.854e+00 -9.255 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowelae -7.605e+01 4.123e+00 -18.446 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):voweli 5.297e+01 3.708e+00 14.285 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowelu 3.660e+01 3.769e+00 9.713 < 2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.1274 on 5979 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.9946, Adjusted R-squared: 0.9946
## F-statistic: 5.51e+04 on 20 and 5979 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16F2
## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## fixed.hyoid 1 0 0 1.033e+00 0.310
## VTRatio_elite 1 139 139 5.577e+03 <2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio_elite^2) 1 38 38 1.513e+03 <2e-16 ***
## vowel 4 51558 12889 5.154e+05 <2e-16 ***
## replication 1 0 0 4.390e-01 0.508
## fixed.hyoid:vowel 4 3 1 2.971e+01 <2e-16 ***
## VTRatio_elite:vowel 4 129 32 1.289e+03 <2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowel 4 57 14 5.653e+02 <2e-16 ***
## Residuals 5979 150 0
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = f2.lm)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa -1.060586 -1.078202 -1.042970 0
## ae-schwa 2.394547 2.376932 2.412163 0
## i-schwa 4.153959 4.136343 4.171575 0
## u-schwa -4.368861 -4.386477 -4.351245 0
## ae-a 3.455134 3.437518 3.472750 0
## i-a 5.214545 5.196929 5.232161 0
## u-a -3.308274 -3.325890 -3.290658 0
## i-ae 1.759411 1.741796 1.777027 0
## u-ae -6.763408 -6.781024 -6.745792 0
## u-i -8.522820 -8.540435 -8.505204 0##
## Call:
## lm(formula = F2_elite ~ fixed.hyoid + VTRatio_elite + I(VTRatio_elite^2) +
## vowel + (fixed.hyoid:vowel) + (VTRatio_elite:vowel) + (I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowel) +
## replication, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.84769 -0.05513 -0.00338 0.05541 1.84018
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 9.788e+00 6.711e-01 14.585 < 2e-16 ***
## fixed.hyoidTRUE 1.099e-02 1.006e-02 1.093 0.274444
## VTRatio_elite -1.166e+00 2.989e+00 -0.390 0.696500
## I(VTRatio_elite^2) 1.157e+00 3.301e+00 0.350 0.726075
## vowela 4.576e-01 9.741e-01 0.470 0.638587
## vowelae -1.361e+01 1.051e+00 -12.955 < 2e-16 ***
## voweli -3.221e+01 9.368e-01 -34.389 < 2e-16 ***
## vowelu 2.687e+00 9.501e-01 2.828 0.004697 **
## replication 4.095e-05 7.073e-05 0.579 0.562631
## fixed.hyoidTRUE:vowela 4.738e-02 1.417e-02 3.344 0.000831 ***
## fixed.hyoidTRUE:vowelae -3.053e-02 1.410e-02 -2.165 0.030408 *
## fixed.hyoidTRUE:voweli -1.832e-01 1.403e-02 -13.051 < 2e-16 ***
## fixed.hyoidTRUE:vowelu 1.680e-02 1.407e-02 1.194 0.232504
## VTRatio_elite:vowela -6.942e+00 4.335e+00 -1.601 0.109329
## VTRatio_elite:vowelae 6.803e+01 4.655e+00 14.613 < 2e-16 ***
## VTRatio_elite:voweli 1.513e+02 4.169e+00 36.290 < 2e-16 ***
## VTRatio_elite:vowelu -3.370e+01 4.234e+00 -7.960 2.05e-15 ***
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowela 7.776e+00 4.784e+00 1.625 0.104143
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowelae -7.156e+01 5.118e+00 -13.980 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):voweli -1.551e+02 4.603e+00 -33.689 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowelu 3.975e+01 4.679e+00 8.495 < 2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.1581 on 5979 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.9971, Adjusted R-squared: 0.9971
## F-statistic: 1.038e+05 on 20 and 5979 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16F3
## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## fixed.hyoid 1 0.1 0.1 1.611 0.204
## VTRatio_elite 1 393.1 393.1 4483.146 <2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio_elite^2) 1 199.6 199.6 2276.929 <2e-16 ***
## vowel 4 724.7 181.2 2066.126 <2e-16 ***
## replication 1 0.0 0.0 0.201 0.654
## fixed.hyoid:vowel 4 9.6 2.4 27.287 <2e-16 ***
## VTRatio_elite:vowel 4 36.9 9.2 105.233 <2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowel 4 24.2 6.0 68.902 <2e-16 ***
## Residuals 5979 524.3 0.1
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = f3.lm)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa 0.376782894 0.34379731 0.40976847 0.0000000
## ae-schwa 0.104717518 0.07173194 0.13770310 0.0000000
## i-schwa 0.999448600 0.96646302 1.03243418 0.0000000
## u-schwa 0.386720547 0.35373497 0.41970613 0.0000000
## ae-a -0.272065376 -0.30505096 -0.23907980 0.0000000
## i-a 0.622665706 0.58968013 0.65565129 0.0000000
## u-a 0.009937653 -0.02304793 0.04292323 0.9239168
## i-ae 0.894731082 0.86174550 0.92771666 0.0000000
## u-ae 0.282003029 0.24901745 0.31498861 0.0000000
## u-i -0.612728053 -0.64571363 -0.57974247 0.0000000##
## Call:
## lm(formula = F3_elite ~ fixed.hyoid + VTRatio_elite + I(VTRatio_elite^2) +
## vowel + (fixed.hyoid:vowel) + (VTRatio_elite:vowel) + (I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowel) +
## replication, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -1.84205 -0.11986 -0.00481 0.12003 2.30041
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -1.261e+01 1.257e+00 -10.038 < 2e-16 ***
## fixed.hyoidTRUE -5.689e-02 1.883e-02 -3.021 0.00253 **
## VTRatio_elite 1.149e+02 5.598e+00 20.518 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio_elite^2) -1.208e+02 6.182e+00 -19.546 < 2e-16 ***
## vowela -2.045e+01 1.824e+00 -11.213 < 2e-16 ***
## vowelae -9.628e+00 1.967e+00 -4.894 1.01e-06 ***
## voweli 9.130e+00 1.754e+00 5.205 2.01e-07 ***
## vowelu 2.089e+00 1.779e+00 1.174 0.24039
## replication -6.586e-05 1.324e-04 -0.497 0.61899
## fixed.hyoidTRUE:vowela -5.840e-02 2.653e-02 -2.201 0.02777 *
## fixed.hyoidTRUE:vowelae -1.191e-02 2.640e-02 -0.451 0.65182
## fixed.hyoidTRUE:voweli -6.018e-02 2.628e-02 -2.290 0.02205 *
## fixed.hyoidTRUE:vowelu -1.373e-01 2.635e-02 -5.210 1.95e-07 ***
## VTRatio_elite:vowela 8.893e+01 8.117e+00 10.956 < 2e-16 ***
## VTRatio_elite:vowelae 4.157e+01 8.717e+00 4.768 1.90e-06 ***
## VTRatio_elite:voweli -3.514e+01 7.807e+00 -4.501 6.89e-06 ***
## VTRatio_elite:vowelu -1.198e+01 7.927e+00 -1.512 0.13068
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowela -9.397e+01 8.958e+00 -10.490 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowelae -4.398e+01 9.584e+00 -4.589 4.53e-06 ***
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):voweli 3.783e+01 8.619e+00 4.389 1.16e-05 ***
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowelu 1.849e+01 8.761e+00 2.110 0.03488 *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.2961 on 5979 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.7259, Adjusted R-squared: 0.725
## F-statistic: 791.6 on 20 and 5979 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16F4
## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## fixed.hyoid 1 0.1 0.08 0.934 0.334
## VTRatio_elite 1 173.7 173.70 2130.005 <2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio_elite^2) 1 11.3 11.35 139.177 <2e-16 ***
## vowel 4 316.8 79.21 971.285 <2e-16 ***
## replication 1 0.0 0.01 0.090 0.765
## fixed.hyoid:vowel 4 8.4 2.09 25.602 <2e-16 ***
## VTRatio_elite:vowel 4 40.3 10.08 123.624 <2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowel 4 31.7 7.92 97.065 <2e-16 ***
## Residuals 5979 487.6 0.08
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = f4.lm)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa -0.13605756 -0.16786839 -0.10424674 0.0000000
## ae-schwa 0.04414434 0.01233352 0.07595517 0.0014505
## i-schwa 0.50587032 0.47405949 0.53768114 0.0000000
## u-schwa -0.09170850 -0.12351933 -0.05989768 0.0000000
## ae-a 0.18020191 0.14839108 0.21201273 0.0000000
## i-a 0.64192788 0.61011706 0.67373870 0.0000000
## u-a 0.04434906 0.01253824 0.07615988 0.0013537
## i-ae 0.46172597 0.42991515 0.49353679 0.0000000
## u-ae -0.13585285 -0.16766367 -0.10404202 0.0000000
## u-i -0.59757882 -0.62938964 -0.56576800 0.0000000##
## Call:
## lm(formula = F4_elite ~ fixed.hyoid + VTRatio_elite + I(VTRatio_elite^2) +
## vowel + (fixed.hyoid:vowel) + (VTRatio_elite:vowel) + (I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowel) +
## replication, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -1.09405 -0.15945 -0.03335 0.11293 1.90945
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 3.773e+00 1.212e+00 3.113 0.001860 **
## fixed.hyoidTRUE -6.028e-02 1.816e-02 -3.319 0.000909 ***
## VTRatio_elite 5.332e+01 5.398e+00 9.877 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio_elite^2) -5.713e+01 5.962e+00 -9.583 < 2e-16 ***
## vowela -1.241e+01 1.759e+00 -7.053 1.95e-12 ***
## vowelae -6.808e+00 1.897e+00 -3.589 0.000335 ***
## voweli 1.247e+01 1.692e+00 7.370 1.94e-13 ***
## vowelu 1.886e+01 1.716e+00 10.991 < 2e-16 ***
## replication -4.508e-05 1.277e-04 -0.353 0.724129
## fixed.hyoidTRUE:vowela 1.022e-01 2.559e-02 3.995 6.55e-05 ***
## fixed.hyoidTRUE:vowelae 9.559e-02 2.546e-02 3.755 0.000175 ***
## fixed.hyoidTRUE:voweli 8.787e-02 2.534e-02 3.467 0.000530 ***
## fixed.hyoidTRUE:vowelu 1.949e-02 2.541e-02 0.767 0.443108
## VTRatio_elite:vowela 4.838e+01 7.828e+00 6.181 6.80e-10 ***
## VTRatio_elite:vowelae 2.448e+01 8.407e+00 2.911 0.003611 **
## VTRatio_elite:voweli -5.521e+01 7.529e+00 -7.334 2.54e-13 ***
## VTRatio_elite:vowelu -8.714e+01 7.645e+00 -11.399 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowela -4.684e+01 8.639e+00 -5.422 6.11e-08 ***
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowelae -2.067e+01 9.243e+00 -2.236 0.025360 *
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):voweli 6.299e+01 8.312e+00 7.578 4.05e-14 ***
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowelu 9.936e+01 8.449e+00 11.760 < 2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.2856 on 5979 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.5443, Adjusted R-squared: 0.5427
## F-statistic: 357 on 20 and 5979 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16F5
## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## fixed.hyoid 1 11.7 11.65 219.24 < 2e-16 ***
## VTRatio_elite 1 85.2 85.19 1602.76 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio_elite^2) 1 99.2 99.17 1865.72 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel 4 242.4 60.60 1140.18 < 2e-16 ***
## replication 1 0.2 0.22 4.12 0.0424 *
## fixed.hyoid:vowel 4 2.4 0.60 11.27 4.16e-09 ***
## VTRatio_elite:vowel 4 53.0 13.24 249.18 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowel 4 97.7 24.43 459.57 < 2e-16 ***
## Residuals 5979 317.8 0.05
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = f5.lm)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa 0.02919600 0.003514457 0.05487754 0.0165407
## ae-schwa 0.10199767 0.076316126 0.12767921 0.0000000
## i-schwa -0.01270247 -0.038384009 0.01297908 0.6600243
## u-schwa -0.46280251 -0.488484057 -0.43712097 0.0000000
## ae-a 0.07280167 0.047120126 0.09848321 0.0000000
## i-a -0.04189847 -0.067580009 -0.01621692 0.0000849
## u-a -0.49199851 -0.517680056 -0.46631697 0.0000000
## i-ae -0.11470013 -0.140381677 -0.08901859 0.0000000
## u-ae -0.56480018 -0.590481725 -0.53911864 0.0000000
## u-i -0.45010005 -0.475781590 -0.42441851 0.0000000##
## Call:
## lm(formula = F5_elite ~ fixed.hyoid + VTRatio_elite + I(VTRatio_elite^2) +
## vowel + (fixed.hyoid:vowel) + (VTRatio_elite:vowel) + (I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowel) +
## replication, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -1.55762 -0.11064 0.01865 0.09171 1.33404
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 2.570e+01 9.784e-01 26.268 < 2e-16 ***
## fixed.hyoidTRUE -2.141e-02 1.466e-02 -1.460 0.14431
## VTRatio_elite -3.465e+01 4.358e+00 -7.951 2.19e-15 ***
## I(VTRatio_elite^2) 3.899e+01 4.813e+00 8.100 6.61e-16 ***
## vowela 2.816e+00 1.420e+00 1.983 0.04745 *
## vowelae -4.653e-01 1.532e+00 -0.304 0.76130
## voweli 3.366e+00 1.366e+00 2.465 0.01374 *
## vowelu 4.542e+01 1.385e+00 32.787 < 2e-16 ***
## replication -2.167e-04 1.031e-04 -2.102 0.03561 *
## fixed.hyoidTRUE:vowela 2.927e-02 2.066e-02 1.417 0.15663
## fixed.hyoidTRUE:vowelae -5.834e-03 2.055e-02 -0.284 0.77654
## fixed.hyoidTRUE:voweli 5.098e-02 2.046e-02 2.492 0.01273 *
## fixed.hyoidTRUE:vowelu 2.093e-01 2.052e-02 10.203 < 2e-16 ***
## VTRatio_elite:vowela -1.438e+01 6.320e+00 -2.275 0.02296 *
## VTRatio_elite:vowelae 1.070e+00 6.787e+00 0.158 0.87470
## VTRatio_elite:voweli -1.697e+01 6.078e+00 -2.792 0.00526 **
## VTRatio_elite:vowelu -2.122e+02 6.172e+00 -34.389 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowela 1.798e+01 6.974e+00 2.578 0.00995 **
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowelae 4.087e-01 7.462e+00 0.055 0.95633
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):voweli 2.074e+01 6.711e+00 3.090 0.00201 **
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowelu 2.430e+02 6.821e+00 35.628 < 2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.2305 on 5979 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.6506, Adjusted R-squared: 0.6494
## F-statistic: 556.6 on 20 and 5979 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16Summarized
| DVs, interactions & R2 | F1 | F2 | F3 | F4 | F5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| fixed.hyoid | -0.01 (0.21) | 0.011 (0.27) | -0.057 (0.0025**) | -0.06 (0.00091***) | -0.021 (0.14) |
| VTRatio_elite | 6.7 (0.0051**) | -1.2 (0.7) | 1.1e+02 (1.8e-90***) | 53 (7.9e-23***) | -35 (2.2e-15***) |
| VTRatio_elite^2 | -7.5 (0.0047**) | 1.2 (0.73) | -1.2e+02 (1.6e-82***) | -57 (1.3e-21***) | 39 (6.6e-16***) |
| vowel | . (0***) | . (0***) | . (0***) | . (0***) | . (0***) |
| replication | -1.3e-05 (0.82) | 4.1e-05 (0.56) | -6.6e-05 (0.62) | -4.5e-05 (0.72) | -0.00022 (0.036*) |
| fixed.hyoid:vowel | . (1.7e-17***) | . (1.7e-24***) | . (1.8e-22***) | . (4.6e-21***) | . (4.2e-09***) |
| VTRatio_elite:vowel | . (2.5e-185***) | . (0***) | . (9.2e-87***) | . (1.6e-101***) | . (2.8e-198***) |
| VTRatio_elite^2:vowel | . (6.8e-263***) | . (0***) | . (4.1e-57***) | . (3.8e-80***) | . (0***) |
| adjusted R2 | 99.5% | 99.7% | 72.5% | 54.3% | 64.9% |
Predicted formants for each LEN per vowel pair. (95% prediction intervals are too narrow to show.)
For mobile hyoid only
F1
## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## VTRatio_elite 1 47 47.0 2.880e+03 <2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio_elite^2) 1 1 1.1 6.936e+01 <2e-16 ***
## vowel 4 8870 2217.5 1.357e+05 <2e-16 ***
## replication 1 0 0.0 6.270e-01 0.428
## VTRatio_elite:vowel 4 9 2.1 1.305e+02 <2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowel 4 14 3.5 2.163e+02 <2e-16 ***
## Residuals 2984 49 0.0
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = f1.lm)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa 1.2653481 1.2452059 1.2854903 0
## ae-schwa 1.4167198 1.3965776 1.4368620 0
## i-schwa -2.7417014 -2.7618436 -2.7215591 0
## u-schwa -2.1471948 -2.1673371 -2.1270526 0
## ae-a 0.1513717 0.1312295 0.1715139 0
## i-a -4.0070494 -4.0271916 -3.9869072 0
## u-a -3.4125429 -3.4326851 -3.3924007 0
## i-ae -4.1584211 -4.1785633 -4.1382789 0
## u-ae -3.5639146 -3.5840568 -3.5437724 0
## u-i 0.5945065 0.5743643 0.6146487 0##
## Call:
## lm(formula = F1_elite ~ VTRatio_elite + I(VTRatio_elite^2) +
## vowel + (VTRatio_elite:vowel) + (I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowel) +
## replication, data = d[!d$fixed.hyoid, ])
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.75362 -0.04972 0.00095 0.04754 1.17084
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 3.393e+00 5.888e-01 5.762 9.16e-09 ***
## VTRatio_elite 7.760e+00 2.611e+00 2.972 0.00298 **
## I(VTRatio_elite^2) -8.656e+00 2.871e+00 -3.015 0.00259 **
## vowela -5.034e+00 8.613e-01 -5.845 5.61e-09 ***
## vowelae -1.393e+01 9.750e-01 -14.285 < 2e-16 ***
## voweli 7.030e+00 8.214e-01 8.559 < 2e-16 ***
## vowelu 2.556e+00 8.322e-01 3.071 0.00215 **
## replication 4.498e-05 8.085e-05 0.556 0.57797
## VTRatio_elite:vowela 2.749e+01 3.814e+00 7.208 7.17e-13 ***
## VTRatio_elite:vowelae 6.470e+01 4.290e+00 15.084 < 2e-16 ***
## VTRatio_elite:voweli -4.491e+01 3.638e+00 -12.346 < 2e-16 ***
## VTRatio_elite:vowelu -2.414e+01 3.692e+00 -6.538 7.32e-11 ***
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowela -2.970e+01 4.190e+00 -7.090 1.67e-12 ***
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowelae -6.748e+01 4.683e+00 -14.409 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):voweli 5.105e+01 3.998e+00 12.767 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowelu 3.008e+01 4.063e+00 7.404 1.71e-13 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.1278 on 2984 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.9946, Adjusted R-squared: 0.9945
## F-statistic: 3.648e+04 on 15 and 2984 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16F2
## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## VTRatio_elite 1 104 104 4.510e+03 <2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio_elite^2) 1 34 34 1.477e+03 <2e-16 ***
## vowel 4 25849 6462 2.800e+05 <2e-16 ***
## replication 1 0 0 1.610e-01 0.688
## VTRatio_elite:vowel 4 59 15 6.338e+02 <2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowel 4 29 7 3.093e+02 <2e-16 ***
## Residuals 2984 69 0
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = f2.lm)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa -1.082595 -1.106534 -1.058655 0
## ae-schwa 2.376443 2.352503 2.400382 0
## i-schwa 4.193568 4.169629 4.217508 0
## u-schwa -4.346817 -4.370756 -4.322877 0
## ae-a 3.459038 3.435098 3.482977 0
## i-a 5.276163 5.252224 5.300102 0
## u-a -3.264222 -3.288161 -3.240283 0
## i-ae 1.817125 1.793186 1.841065 0
## u-ae -6.723259 -6.747199 -6.699320 0
## u-i -8.540385 -8.564324 -8.516446 0##
## Call:
## lm(formula = F2_elite ~ VTRatio_elite + I(VTRatio_elite^2) +
## vowel + (VTRatio_elite:vowel) + (I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowel) +
## replication, data = d[!d$fixed.hyoid, ])
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.77908 -0.05154 -0.00058 0.05810 1.80438
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 9.312e+00 6.998e-01 13.306 < 2e-16 ***
## VTRatio_elite 8.630e-01 3.103e+00 0.278 0.781
## I(VTRatio_elite^2) -9.769e-01 3.413e+00 -0.286 0.775
## vowela -1.742e-02 1.024e+00 -0.017 0.986
## vowelae -1.314e+01 1.159e+00 -11.342 < 2e-16 ***
## voweli -2.283e+01 9.762e-01 -23.383 < 2e-16 ***
## vowelu 1.490e+00 9.891e-01 1.507 0.132
## replication 2.498e-05 9.609e-05 0.260 0.795
## VTRatio_elite:vowela -4.398e+00 4.533e+00 -0.970 0.332
## VTRatio_elite:vowelae 6.572e+01 5.098e+00 12.891 < 2e-16 ***
## VTRatio_elite:voweli 1.113e+02 4.324e+00 25.750 < 2e-16 ***
## VTRatio_elite:vowelu -2.903e+01 4.388e+00 -6.617 4.34e-11 ***
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowela 4.503e+00 4.979e+00 0.904 0.366
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowelae -6.877e+01 5.566e+00 -12.354 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):voweli -1.130e+02 4.752e+00 -23.777 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowelu 3.533e+01 4.829e+00 7.315 3.28e-13 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.1519 on 2984 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.9974, Adjusted R-squared: 0.9974
## F-statistic: 7.532e+04 on 15 and 2984 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16F3
## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## VTRatio_elite 1 175.1 175.08 1739.560 <2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio_elite^2) 1 94.4 94.37 937.598 <2e-16 ***
## vowel 4 407.0 101.75 1010.957 <2e-16 ***
## replication 1 0.0 0.00 0.034 0.853
## VTRatio_elite:vowel 4 19.6 4.91 48.744 <2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowel 4 30.4 7.59 75.403 <2e-16 ***
## Residuals 2984 300.3 0.10
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = f3.lm)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa 0.3696720 0.31967824 0.4196659 0e+00
## ae-schwa 0.1057591 0.05576528 0.1557529 1e-07
## i-schwa 1.0513291 1.00133531 1.1013229 0e+00
## u-schwa 0.4783480 0.42835418 0.5283418 0e+00
## ae-a -0.2639130 -0.31390676 -0.2139192 0e+00
## i-a 0.6816571 0.63166326 0.7316509 0e+00
## u-a 0.1086759 0.05868213 0.1586697 0e+00
## i-ae 0.9455700 0.89557622 0.9955638 0e+00
## u-ae 0.3725889 0.32259509 0.4225827 0e+00
## u-i -0.5729811 -0.62297493 -0.5229873 0e+00##
## Call:
## lm(formula = F3_elite ~ VTRatio_elite + I(VTRatio_elite^2) +
## vowel + (VTRatio_elite:vowel) + (I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowel) +
## replication, data = d[!d$fixed.hyoid, ])
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -1.80440 -0.11711 0.00607 0.12020 1.84341
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -1.118e+01 1.462e+00 -7.647 2.75e-14 ***
## VTRatio_elite 1.082e+02 6.480e+00 16.690 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio_elite^2) -1.131e+02 7.127e+00 -15.877 < 2e-16 ***
## vowela -1.553e+01 2.138e+00 -7.263 4.81e-13 ***
## vowelae -9.870e+00 2.420e+00 -4.079 4.65e-05 ***
## voweli 1.448e+01 2.039e+00 7.103 1.52e-12 ***
## vowelu 1.654e+01 2.066e+00 8.008 1.65e-15 ***
## replication 2.542e-05 2.007e-04 0.127 0.899197
## VTRatio_elite:vowela 6.731e+01 9.466e+00 7.111 1.44e-12 ***
## VTRatio_elite:vowelae 4.232e+01 1.065e+01 3.975 7.22e-05 ***
## VTRatio_elite:voweli -5.712e+01 9.030e+00 -6.326 2.90e-10 ***
## VTRatio_elite:vowelu -7.257e+01 9.163e+00 -7.921 3.31e-15 ***
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowela -7.047e+01 1.040e+01 -6.776 1.48e-11 ***
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowelae -4.445e+01 1.162e+01 -3.824 0.000134 ***
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):voweli 6.006e+01 9.924e+00 6.052 1.61e-09 ***
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowelu 8.118e+01 1.008e+01 8.049 1.19e-15 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.3173 on 2984 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.7075, Adjusted R-squared: 0.706
## F-statistic: 481.2 on 15 and 2984 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16F4
## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## VTRatio_elite 1 57.27 57.27 771.255 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio_elite^2) 1 0.80 0.80 10.711 0.00108 **
## vowel 4 165.33 41.33 556.607 < 2e-16 ***
## replication 1 0.04 0.04 0.497 0.48102
## VTRatio_elite:vowel 4 17.70 4.43 59.600 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowel 4 25.24 6.31 84.966 < 2e-16 ***
## Residuals 2984 221.58 0.07
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = f4.lm)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa -0.18780768 -0.23074936 -0.144865994 0.0000000
## ae-schwa 0.02453996 -0.01840172 0.067481645 0.5234953
## i-schwa 0.50724987 0.46430818 0.550191552 0.0000000
## u-schwa -0.03593817 -0.07887985 0.007003517 0.1501842
## ae-a 0.21234764 0.16940596 0.255289323 0.0000000
## i-a 0.69505755 0.65211586 0.737999229 0.0000000
## u-a 0.15186951 0.10892783 0.194811195 0.0000000
## i-ae 0.48270991 0.43976822 0.525651590 0.0000000
## u-ae -0.06047813 -0.10341981 -0.017536444 0.0011666
## u-i -0.54318803 -0.58612972 -0.500246351 0.0000000##
## Call:
## lm(formula = F4_elite ~ VTRatio_elite + I(VTRatio_elite^2) +
## vowel + (VTRatio_elite:vowel) + (I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowel) +
## replication, data = d[!d$fixed.hyoid, ])
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -1.23313 -0.13599 -0.03896 0.08959 1.71957
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 7.799e+00 1.255e+00 6.213 5.93e-10 ***
## VTRatio_elite 3.587e+01 5.566e+00 6.445 1.35e-10 ***
## I(VTRatio_elite^2) -3.847e+01 6.121e+00 -6.284 3.78e-10 ***
## vowela -8.176e+00 1.836e+00 -4.453 8.79e-06 ***
## vowelae -6.177e+00 2.079e+00 -2.972 0.002982 **
## voweli 8.371e+00 1.751e+00 4.781 1.83e-06 ***
## vowelu 2.265e+01 1.774e+00 12.766 < 2e-16 ***
## replication 1.107e-04 1.724e-04 0.642 0.520720
## VTRatio_elite:vowela 3.175e+01 8.131e+00 3.905 9.64e-05 ***
## VTRatio_elite:vowelae 2.188e+01 9.145e+00 2.393 0.016789 *
## VTRatio_elite:voweli -3.701e+01 7.756e+00 -4.773 1.91e-06 ***
## VTRatio_elite:vowelu -1.022e+02 7.870e+00 -12.987 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowela -3.089e+01 8.932e+00 -3.458 0.000552 ***
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowelae -1.800e+01 9.985e+00 -1.803 0.071455 .
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):voweli 4.297e+01 8.524e+00 5.041 4.92e-07 ***
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowelu 1.140e+02 8.662e+00 13.159 < 2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.2725 on 2984 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.5459, Adjusted R-squared: 0.5436
## F-statistic: 239.1 on 15 and 2984 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16F5
## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## VTRatio_elite 1 79.60 79.60 1773.443 <2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio_elite^2) 1 67.90 67.90 1512.727 <2e-16 ***
## vowel 4 101.02 25.25 562.645 <2e-16 ***
## replication 1 0.04 0.04 0.796 0.372
## VTRatio_elite:vowel 4 23.45 5.86 130.627 <2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowel 4 89.24 22.31 497.033 <2e-16 ***
## Residuals 2984 133.94 0.04
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = f5.lm)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa 0.03397099 0.0005851859 0.06735679 0.0437960
## ae-schwa 0.11405633 0.0806705288 0.14744213 0.0000000
## i-schwa -0.01635768 -0.0497434872 0.01702812 0.6678401
## u-schwa -0.41145974 -0.4448455438 -0.37807394 0.0000000
## ae-a 0.08008534 0.0466995405 0.11347115 0.0000000
## i-a -0.05032867 -0.0837144754 -0.01694287 0.0003834
## u-a -0.44543073 -0.4788165321 -0.41204493 0.0000000
## i-ae -0.13041402 -0.1637998183 -0.09702821 0.0000000
## u-ae -0.52551607 -0.5589018750 -0.49213027 0.0000000
## u-i -0.39510206 -0.4284878590 -0.36171625 0.0000000##
## Call:
## lm(formula = F5_elite ~ VTRatio_elite + I(VTRatio_elite^2) +
## vowel + (VTRatio_elite:vowel) + (I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowel) +
## replication, data = d[!d$fixed.hyoid, ])
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -1.33741 -0.11438 0.01260 0.08843 1.28819
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 2.228e+01 9.760e-01 22.828 < 2e-16 ***
## VTRatio_elite -2.018e+01 4.327e+00 -4.662 3.27e-06 ***
## I(VTRatio_elite^2) 2.383e+01 4.759e+00 5.007 5.84e-07 ***
## vowela 3.514e+00 1.428e+00 2.461 0.01390 *
## vowelae -1.847e+00 1.616e+00 -1.143 0.25308
## voweli 5.513e+00 1.361e+00 4.050 5.26e-05 ***
## vowelu 4.828e+01 1.379e+00 35.000 < 2e-16 ***
## replication -1.335e-04 1.340e-04 -0.997 0.31907
## VTRatio_elite:vowela -1.742e+01 6.322e+00 -2.756 0.00588 **
## VTRatio_elite:vowelae 6.815e+00 7.110e+00 0.958 0.33791
## VTRatio_elite:voweli -2.557e+01 6.030e+00 -4.240 2.30e-05 ***
## VTRatio_elite:vowelu -2.225e+02 6.119e+00 -36.368 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowela 2.127e+01 6.944e+00 3.063 0.00221 **
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowelae -5.519e+00 7.763e+00 -0.711 0.47714
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):voweli 2.916e+01 6.627e+00 4.401 1.12e-05 ***
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowelu 2.516e+02 6.735e+00 37.366 < 2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.2119 on 2984 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.7295, Adjusted R-squared: 0.7282
## F-statistic: 536.5 on 15 and 2984 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16Summarized
| DVs, interactions & R2 | F1 | F2 | F3 | F4 | F5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| VTRatio_elite | 7.8 (0.003**) | 0.86 (0.78) | 1.1e+02 (7.4e-60***) | 36 (1.3e-10***) | -20 (3.3e-06***) |
| VTRatio_elite^2 | -8.7 (0.0026**) | -0.98 (0.77) | -1.1e+02 (1.5e-54***) | -38 (3.8e-10***) | 24 (5.8e-07***) |
| vowel | . (0***) | . (0***) | . (0***) | . (0***) | . (0***) |
| replication | 4.5e-05 (0.58) | 2.5e-05 (0.79) | 2.5e-05 (0.9) | 0.00011 (0.52) | -0.00013 (0.32) |
| VTRatio_elite:vowel | . (7.6e-103***) | . (0***) | . (9e-40***) | . (1.7e-48***) | . (6.2e-103***) |
| VTRatio_elite^2:vowel | . (3.4e-163***) | . (8.2e-223***) | . (5.6e-61***) | . (2e-68***) | . (0***) |
| adjusted R2 | 99.5% | 99.7% | 70.6% | 54.4% | 72.8% |
Difficulty in learning vowels
A proxy for “learning difficulty” is represented (in principle) by the time-to-plateau (i.e., generation, with lower meaning “easier to learn”):
## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## vowel 4 3047077 761769 85.377 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN 1 434699 434699 48.720 3.62e-12 ***
## I(LEN^2) 1 1284719 1284719 143.988 < 2e-16 ***
## replication 1 14237 14237 1.596 0.207
## vowel:LEN 4 1263758 315940 35.410 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel:I(LEN^2) 4 894256 223564 25.056 < 2e-16 ***
## Residuals 2984 26624496 8922
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Warning in replications(paste("~", xx), data = mf): non-factors ignored:
## LEN## Warning in replications(paste("~", xx), data = mf): non-factors ignored:
## I(LEN^2)## Warning in replications(paste("~", xx), data = mf): non-factors ignored:
## replication## Warning in replications(paste("~", xx), data = mf): non-factors ignored:
## vowel, LEN## Warning in replications(paste("~", xx), data = mf): non-factors ignored:
## vowel, I(LEN^2)## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = time.to.plateau)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## [ɑ]-[ə] 40.10667 25.221461 54.991872 0.0000000
## [æ]-[ə] -26.28500 -41.170206 -11.399794 0.0000149
## [i]-[ə] -6.63000 -21.515206 8.255206 0.7422552
## [u]-[ə] 60.40667 45.521461 75.291872 0.0000000
## [æ]-[ɑ] -66.39167 -81.276872 -51.506461 0.0000000
## [i]-[ɑ] -46.73667 -61.621872 -31.851461 0.0000000
## [u]-[ɑ] 20.30000 5.414794 35.185206 0.0018782
## [i]-[æ] 19.65500 4.769794 34.540206 0.0029385
## [u]-[æ] 86.69167 71.806461 101.576872 0.0000000
## [u]-[i] 67.03667 52.151461 81.921872 0.0000000##
## Call:
## lm(formula = generation ~ vowel + LEN + I(LEN^2) + (vowel:LEN) +
## (vowel:I(LEN^2)) + replication, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -249.52 -62.23 -9.11 52.96 360.17
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 2.877e+03 2.686e+02 10.711 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel[ɑ] -7.497e+02 3.799e+02 -1.974 0.04852 *
## vowel[æ] -6.091e+01 3.799e+02 -0.160 0.87261
## vowel[i] -2.165e+03 3.799e+02 -5.700 1.31e-08 ***
## vowel[u] -2.897e+03 3.799e+02 -7.626 3.24e-14 ***
## LEN 7.029e+02 6.838e+01 10.279 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2) 4.473e+01 4.294e+00 10.417 < 2e-16 ***
## replication -7.547e-02 5.974e-02 -1.263 0.20662
## vowel[ɑ]:LEN -2.373e+02 9.671e+01 -2.454 0.01420 *
## vowel[æ]:LEN -4.716e+01 9.671e+01 -0.488 0.62583
## vowel[i]:LEN -5.437e+02 9.671e+01 -5.622 2.06e-08 ***
## vowel[u]:LEN -7.956e+02 9.671e+01 -8.227 2.84e-16 ***
## vowel[ɑ]:I(LEN^2) -1.707e+01 6.073e+00 -2.810 0.00498 **
## vowel[æ]:I(LEN^2) -5.296e+00 6.073e+00 -0.872 0.38324
## vowel[i]:I(LEN^2) -3.367e+01 6.073e+00 -5.545 3.20e-08 ***
## vowel[u]:I(LEN^2) -5.242e+01 6.073e+00 -8.631 < 2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 94.46 on 2984 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.2067, Adjusted R-squared: 0.2027
## F-statistic: 51.85 on 15 and 2984 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16| DVs, interactions & R2 | Gens.to.plateau |
|---|---|
| vowel | . (9.5e-69***) |
| LEN | 7e+02 (2.2e-24***) |
| LEN^2 | 45 (5.5e-25***) |
| replication | -0.075 (0.21) |
| vowel:LEN | . (6.1e-29***) |
| vowel:LEN^2 | . (1.9e-20***) |
| adjusted R2 | 20.3% |
Formants predicted by condition, vowel and generation
Mobile hyoid
F1 and error
## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## LEN 1 11 11.3 6.946e+02 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2) 1 0 0.5 3.064e+01 3.37e-08 ***
## vowel 4 8907 2226.7 1.370e+05 < 2e-16 ***
## replication 1 0 0.0 6.570e-01 0.418
## generation 1 2 1.7 1.057e+02 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN:vowel 4 9 2.3 1.412e+02 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowel 4 11 2.8 1.749e+02 < 2e-16 ***
## Residuals 2983 48 0.0
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = f1.lm)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa 1.2662947 1.2462044 1.2863849 0
## ae-schwa 1.4269103 1.4068201 1.4470006 0
## i-schwa -2.7444628 -2.7645531 -2.7243726 0
## u-schwa -2.1558078 -2.1758981 -2.1357176 0
## ae-a 0.1606157 0.1405254 0.1807059 0
## i-a -4.0107575 -4.0308478 -3.9906672 0
## u-a -3.4221025 -3.4421928 -3.4020122 0
## i-ae -4.1713732 -4.1914634 -4.1512829 0
## u-ae -3.5827182 -3.6028084 -3.5626279 0
## u-i 0.5886550 0.5685647 0.6087453 0##
## Call:
## lm(formula = F1_elite ~ LEN + I(LEN^2) + vowel + (LEN:vowel) +
## (I(LEN^2):vowel) + replication + generation, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.71892 -0.05245 -0.00138 0.05277 1.15894
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 4.624e+00 3.694e-01 12.517 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN -1.291e-01 9.391e-02 -1.374 0.169
## I(LEN^2) -7.754e-03 5.900e-03 -1.314 0.189
## vowela -2.064e+00 5.130e-01 -4.023 5.89e-05 ***
## vowelae -3.472e+00 5.127e-01 -6.773 1.52e-11 ***
## voweli 3.624e+00 5.155e-01 7.030 2.55e-12 ***
## vowelu 2.111e+00 5.177e-01 4.077 4.67e-05 ***
## replication 4.727e-05 8.066e-05 0.586 0.558
## generation -2.397e-04 2.471e-05 -9.703 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN:vowela -8.812e-01 1.307e-01 -6.745 1.83e-11 ***
## LEN:vowelae -1.380e+00 1.305e-01 -10.570 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN:voweli 1.571e+00 1.312e-01 11.975 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN:vowelu 9.468e-01 1.320e-01 7.173 9.21e-13 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowela -5.706e-02 8.207e-03 -6.952 4.41e-12 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowelae -9.455e-02 8.198e-03 -11.534 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):voweli 9.528e-02 8.239e-03 11.565 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowelu 5.098e-02 8.298e-03 6.143 9.18e-10 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.1275 on 2983 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.9946, Adjusted R-squared: 0.9946
## F-statistic: 3.438e+04 on 16 and 2983 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## LEN 1 0.40 0.405 27.682 1.53e-07 ***
## I(LEN^2) 1 3.34 3.343 228.593 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel 4 5.46 1.364 93.252 < 2e-16 ***
## replication 1 0.05 0.046 3.131 0.0769 .
## generation 1 2.20 2.205 150.738 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN:vowel 4 7.98 1.996 136.483 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowel 4 0.80 0.201 13.720 4.34e-11 ***
## Residuals 2983 43.63 0.015
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = f1e.lm)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa 0.054684170 0.035626048 0.07374229 0.0000000
## ae-schwa 0.046145752 0.027087629 0.06520387 0.0000000
## i-schwa 0.022666699 0.003608576 0.04172482 0.0103877
## u-schwa 0.126216379 0.107158257 0.14527450 0.0000000
## ae-a -0.008538419 -0.027596541 0.01051970 0.7380593
## i-a -0.032017471 -0.051075594 -0.01295935 0.0000463
## u-a 0.071532209 0.052474087 0.09059033 0.0000000
## i-ae -0.023479053 -0.042537175 -0.00442093 0.0069959
## u-ae 0.080070628 0.061012505 0.09912875 0.0000000
## u-i 0.103549680 0.084491558 0.12260780 0.0000000##
## Call:
## lm(formula = F1.error ~ LEN + I(LEN^2) + vowel + (LEN:vowel) +
## (I(LEN^2):vowel) + replication + generation, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.37891 -0.03064 -0.00755 0.01857 2.44618
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 1.018e+00 3.505e-01 2.906 0.003693 **
## LEN 2.513e-01 8.909e-02 2.821 0.004826 **
## I(LEN^2) 1.591e-02 5.597e-03 2.842 0.004519 **
## vowela 1.852e+00 4.867e-01 3.805 0.000144 ***
## vowelae 2.656e+00 4.863e-01 5.461 5.13e-08 ***
## voweli 1.126e+00 4.890e-01 2.303 0.021366 *
## vowelu 3.925e+00 4.911e-01 7.993 1.86e-15 ***
## replication 1.139e-04 7.651e-05 1.489 0.136569
## generation -2.838e-04 2.344e-05 -12.109 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN:vowela 4.536e-01 1.239e-01 3.660 0.000257 ***
## LEN:vowelae 7.146e-01 1.238e-01 5.771 8.69e-09 ***
## LEN:voweli 2.696e-01 1.245e-01 2.166 0.030393 *
## LEN:vowelu 8.546e-01 1.252e-01 6.825 1.06e-11 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowela 2.833e-02 7.786e-03 3.639 0.000278 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowelae 4.768e-02 7.777e-03 6.132 9.83e-10 ***
## I(LEN^2):voweli 1.616e-02 7.815e-03 2.067 0.038785 *
## I(LEN^2):vowelu 4.688e-02 7.872e-03 5.955 2.90e-09 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.1209 on 2983 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.3169, Adjusted R-squared: 0.3133
## F-statistic: 86.5 on 16 and 2983 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16F2
## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## LEN 1 44 44 2.163e+03 <2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2) 1 7 7 3.355e+02 <2e-16 ***
## vowel 4 25939 6485 3.171e+05 <2e-16 ***
## replication 1 0 0 2.020e-01 0.653
## generation 1 2 2 1.191e+02 <2e-16 ***
## LEN:vowel 4 61 15 7.416e+02 <2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowel 4 29 7 3.485e+02 <2e-16 ***
## Residuals 2983 61 0
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = f2.lm)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa -1.076651 -1.099186 -1.054116 0
## ae-schwa 2.404134 2.381599 2.426669 0
## i-schwa 4.196537 4.174002 4.219072 0
## u-schwa -4.353799 -4.376334 -4.331264 0
## ae-a 3.480784 3.458249 3.503319 0
## i-a 5.273188 5.250653 5.295723 0
## u-a -3.277148 -3.299683 -3.254613 0
## i-ae 1.792404 1.769869 1.814939 0
## u-ae -6.757933 -6.780468 -6.735397 0
## u-i -8.550336 -8.572871 -8.527801 0##
## Call:
## lm(formula = F2_elite ~ LEN + I(LEN^2) + vowel + (LEN:vowel) +
## (I(LEN^2):vowel) + replication + generation, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.76663 -0.05060 -0.00369 0.05095 1.85656
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 9.718e+00 4.144e-01 23.450 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN 5.292e-02 1.053e-01 0.502 0.615
## I(LEN^2) 3.491e-03 6.618e-03 0.528 0.598
## vowela -5.281e-01 5.755e-01 -0.918 0.359
## vowelae -3.133e+00 5.751e-01 -5.447 5.52e-08 ***
## voweli -7.769e+00 5.782e-01 -13.437 < 2e-16 ***
## vowelu 7.929e-01 5.807e-01 1.365 0.172
## replication 3.067e-05 9.047e-05 0.339 0.735
## generation -1.318e-04 2.771e-05 -4.755 2.08e-06 ***
## LEN:vowela 1.474e-01 1.466e-01 1.006 0.315
## LEN:vowelae -1.536e+00 1.464e-01 -10.493 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN:voweli -3.452e+00 1.472e-01 -23.452 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN:vowelu 1.184e+00 1.481e-01 7.996 1.83e-15 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowela 9.786e-03 9.206e-03 1.063 0.288
## I(LEN^2):vowelae -1.040e-01 9.195e-03 -11.308 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):voweli -2.409e-01 9.241e-03 -26.064 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowelu 6.650e-02 9.308e-03 7.144 1.13e-12 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.143 on 2983 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.9977, Adjusted R-squared: 0.9977
## F-statistic: 7.971e+04 on 16 and 2983 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## LEN 1 19.24 19.236 570.924 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2) 1 22.38 22.380 664.225 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel 4 50.08 12.520 371.589 < 2e-16 ***
## replication 1 0.00 0.003 0.101 0.75092
## generation 1 0.34 0.335 9.946 0.00163 **
## LEN:vowel 4 93.96 23.490 697.189 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowel 4 40.50 10.126 300.543 < 2e-16 ***
## Residuals 2983 100.51 0.034
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = f2e.lm)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa 0.009513431 -0.019412150 0.03843901 0.8978329
## ae-schwa 0.033145297 0.004219716 0.06207088 0.0153061
## i-schwa 0.346381443 0.317455863 0.37530702 0.0000000
## u-schwa 0.084291067 0.055365486 0.11321665 0.0000000
## ae-a 0.023631866 -0.005293715 0.05255745 0.1689003
## i-a 0.336868013 0.307942432 0.36579359 0.0000000
## u-a 0.074777636 0.045852055 0.10370322 0.0000000
## i-ae 0.313236146 0.284310566 0.34216173 0.0000000
## u-ae 0.051145770 0.022220189 0.08007135 0.0000144
## u-i -0.262090376 -0.291015957 -0.23316480 0.0000000##
## Call:
## lm(formula = F2.error ~ LEN + I(LEN^2) + vowel + (LEN:vowel) +
## (I(LEN^2):vowel) + replication + generation, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.5844 -0.0373 -0.0055 0.0241 4.6120
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 1.008e+00 5.319e-01 1.895 0.058149 .
## LEN 2.476e-01 1.352e-01 1.831 0.067161 .
## I(LEN^2) 1.577e-02 8.495e-03 1.856 0.063506 .
## vowela -1.668e-01 7.386e-01 -0.226 0.821363
## vowelae 2.359e+00 7.382e-01 3.196 0.001409 **
## voweli 1.837e+01 7.422e-01 24.759 < 2e-16 ***
## vowelu 4.199e+00 7.453e-01 5.633 1.93e-08 ***
## replication -5.927e-05 1.161e-04 -0.510 0.609829
## generation -2.970e-04 3.557e-05 -8.349 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN:vowela -5.560e-02 1.881e-01 -0.296 0.767572
## LEN:vowelae 6.324e-01 1.879e-01 3.365 0.000775 ***
## LEN:voweli 5.037e+00 1.889e-01 26.662 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN:vowelu 9.655e-01 1.900e-01 5.080 4.00e-07 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowela -3.950e-03 1.182e-02 -0.334 0.738172
## I(LEN^2):vowelae 4.193e-02 1.180e-02 3.552 0.000388 ***
## I(LEN^2):voweli 3.426e-01 1.186e-02 28.882 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowelu 5.571e-02 1.195e-02 4.663 3.26e-06 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.1836 on 2983 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.6926, Adjusted R-squared: 0.691
## F-statistic: 420.2 on 16 and 2983 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16F3
## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## LEN 1 213.5 213.47 2299.192 <2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2) 1 94.8 94.78 1020.771 <2e-16 ***
## vowel 4 397.4 99.36 1070.144 <2e-16 ***
## replication 1 0.0 0.00 0.044 0.834
## generation 1 0.2 0.23 2.434 0.119
## LEN:vowel 4 19.2 4.79 51.644 <2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowel 4 24.7 6.18 66.539 <2e-16 ***
## Residuals 2983 277.0 0.09
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = f3.lm)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa 0.3796662 0.33164887 0.4276835 0.0e+00
## ae-schwa 0.1479860 0.09996871 0.1960033 0.0e+00
## i-schwa 1.0587442 1.01072687 1.1067615 0.0e+00
## u-schwa 0.4722282 0.42421087 0.5202455 0.0e+00
## ae-a -0.2316802 -0.27969746 -0.1836629 0.0e+00
## i-a 0.6790780 0.63106071 0.7270953 0.0e+00
## u-a 0.0925620 0.04454471 0.1405793 1.5e-06
## i-ae 0.9107582 0.86274087 0.9587755 0.0e+00
## u-ae 0.3242422 0.27622487 0.3722595 0.0e+00
## u-i -0.5865160 -0.63453329 -0.5384987 0.0e+00##
## Call:
## lm(formula = F3_elite ~ LEN + I(LEN^2) + vowel + (LEN:vowel) +
## (I(LEN^2):vowel) + replication + generation, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -1.78577 -0.10898 -0.00001 0.10983 1.82683
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 2.141e+00 8.830e-01 2.424 0.0154 *
## LEN -3.373e+00 2.245e-01 -15.028 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2) -2.273e-01 1.410e-02 -16.118 < 2e-16 ***
## vowela -6.354e+00 1.226e+00 -5.182 2.34e-07 ***
## vowelae -5.794e-01 1.225e+00 -0.473 0.6364
## voweli 6.758e+00 1.232e+00 5.486 4.47e-08 ***
## vowelu 1.151e+01 1.237e+00 9.303 < 2e-16 ***
## replication 4.658e-05 1.928e-04 0.242 0.8091
## generation 8.062e-05 5.905e-05 1.365 0.1723
## LEN:vowela -1.857e+00 3.123e-01 -5.946 3.07e-09 ***
## LEN:vowelae -1.945e-01 3.120e-01 -0.623 0.5331
## LEN:voweli 1.566e+00 3.136e-01 4.994 6.27e-07 ***
## LEN:vowelu 2.765e+00 3.155e-01 8.763 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowela -1.250e-01 1.962e-02 -6.371 2.16e-10 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowelae -1.271e-02 1.959e-02 -0.649 0.5166
## I(LEN^2):voweli 1.051e-01 1.969e-02 5.336 1.02e-07 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowelu 1.702e-01 1.983e-02 8.581 < 2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.3047 on 2983 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.7303, Adjusted R-squared: 0.7288
## F-statistic: 504.7 on 16 and 2983 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## LEN 1 336.8 336.8 2401.950 <2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2) 1 205.5 205.5 1465.412 <2e-16 ***
## vowel 4 72.2 18.0 128.683 <2e-16 ***
## replication 1 0.0 0.0 0.063 0.801
## generation 1 18.3 18.3 130.308 <2e-16 ***
## LEN:vowel 4 91.4 22.8 162.889 <2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowel 4 61.0 15.3 108.804 <2e-16 ***
## Residuals 2983 418.3 0.1
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = f3e.lm)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa 0.24590068 0.18689104 0.30491032 0.0000000
## ae-schwa 0.01228932 -0.04672032 0.07129896 0.9796108
## i-schwa -0.02238000 -0.08138964 0.03662964 0.8390675
## u-schwa 0.36119025 0.30218060 0.42019989 0.0000000
## ae-a -0.23361136 -0.29262100 -0.17460172 0.0000000
## i-a -0.26828068 -0.32729032 -0.20927104 0.0000000
## u-a 0.11528957 0.05627992 0.17429921 0.0000010
## i-ae -0.03466932 -0.09367896 0.02434032 0.4951256
## u-ae 0.34890093 0.28989128 0.40791057 0.0000000
## u-i 0.38357025 0.32456060 0.44257989 0.0000000##
## Call:
## lm(formula = F3.error ~ LEN + I(LEN^2) + vowel + (LEN:vowel) +
## (I(LEN^2):vowel) + replication + generation, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -1.85790 -0.11849 -0.00991 0.10380 2.67903
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 1.373e+01 1.085e+00 12.651 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN 3.681e+00 2.758e-01 13.343 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2) 2.454e-01 1.733e-02 14.160 < 2e-16 ***
## vowela 1.678e+01 1.507e+00 11.133 < 2e-16 ***
## vowelae -1.956e+00 1.506e+00 -1.299 0.194
## voweli -8.459e+00 1.514e+00 -5.587 2.51e-08 ***
## vowelu 8.111e+00 1.520e+00 5.335 1.03e-07 ***
## replication 2.269e-05 2.369e-04 0.096 0.924
## generation -4.896e-04 7.257e-05 -6.746 1.82e-11 ***
## LEN:vowela 4.536e+00 3.838e-01 11.821 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN:vowelae -5.201e-01 3.834e-01 -1.357 0.175
## LEN:voweli -2.257e+00 3.854e-01 -5.857 5.22e-09 ***
## LEN:vowelu 2.299e+00 3.877e-01 5.929 3.39e-09 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowela 3.043e-01 2.411e-02 12.624 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowelae -3.392e-02 2.408e-02 -1.409 0.159
## I(LEN^2):voweli -1.480e-01 2.420e-02 -6.118 1.07e-09 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowelu 1.643e-01 2.437e-02 6.740 1.90e-11 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.3745 on 2983 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.6524, Adjusted R-squared: 0.6506
## F-statistic: 350 on 16 and 2983 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16F4
## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## LEN 1 65.88 65.88 915.085 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2) 1 0.56 0.56 7.716 0.00551 **
## vowel 4 164.02 41.00 569.533 < 2e-16 ***
## replication 1 0.04 0.04 0.539 0.46289
## generation 1 2.81 2.81 39.088 4.63e-10 ***
## LEN:vowel 4 19.05 4.76 66.166 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowel 4 20.82 5.21 72.300 < 2e-16 ***
## Residuals 2983 214.76 0.07
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = f4.lm)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa -0.18706467 -0.229347849 -0.144781484 0.0000000
## ae-schwa 0.03495083 -0.007332349 0.077234016 0.1596788
## i-schwa 0.50373283 0.461449651 0.546016016 0.0000000
## u-schwa -0.04582850 -0.088111682 -0.003545318 0.0258936
## ae-a 0.22201550 0.179732318 0.264298682 0.0000000
## i-a 0.69079750 0.648514318 0.733080682 0.0000000
## u-a 0.14123617 0.098952984 0.183519349 0.0000000
## i-ae 0.46878200 0.426498818 0.511065182 0.0000000
## u-ae -0.08077933 -0.123062516 -0.038496151 0.0000020
## u-i -0.54956133 -0.591844516 -0.507278151 0.0000000##
## Call:
## lm(formula = F4_elite ~ LEN + I(LEN^2) + vowel + (LEN:vowel) +
## (I(LEN^2):vowel) + replication + generation, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -1.31160 -0.13988 -0.02858 0.09520 1.64294
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 12.2559754 0.7775637 15.762 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN -1.0363722 0.1976581 -5.243 1.69e-07 ***
## I(LEN^2) -0.0680677 0.0124182 -5.481 4.58e-08 ***
## vowela -1.8431068 1.0797328 -1.707 0.08793 .
## vowelae 2.8151681 1.0790335 2.609 0.00913 **
## voweli 8.0354463 1.0848880 7.407 1.68e-13 ***
## vowelu 13.8142052 1.0894926 12.679 < 2e-16 ***
## replication 0.0001035 0.0001698 0.610 0.54197
## generation -0.0002791 0.0000520 -5.368 8.59e-08 ***
## LEN:vowela -0.6025396 0.2749866 -2.191 0.02852 *
## LEN:vowelae 0.4976349 0.2747206 1.811 0.07018 .
## LEN:voweli 1.8445077 0.2761606 6.679 2.86e-11 ***
## LEN:vowelu 3.4884375 0.2778076 12.557 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowela -0.0486044 0.0172740 -2.814 0.00493 **
## I(LEN^2):vowelae 0.0181883 0.0172534 1.054 0.29188
## I(LEN^2):voweli 0.1109727 0.0173398 6.400 1.80e-10 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowelu 0.2161769 0.0174651 12.378 < 2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.2683 on 2983 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.5599, Adjusted R-squared: 0.5575
## F-statistic: 237.2 on 16 and 2983 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## LEN 1 0.11 0.114 1.300 0.254
## I(LEN^2) 1 6.12 6.125 69.930 <2e-16 ***
## vowel 4 23.65 5.912 67.500 <2e-16 ***
## replication 1 0.00 0.004 0.043 0.835
## generation 1 13.71 13.707 156.508 <2e-16 ***
## LEN:vowel 4 14.76 3.691 42.146 <2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowel 4 12.96 3.240 36.996 <2e-16 ***
## Residuals 2983 261.26 0.088
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = f4e.lm)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa 0.07531938 0.02868309 0.121955664 0.0001054
## ae-schwa 0.08824385 0.04160756 0.134880140 0.0000025
## i-schwa 0.05149025 0.00485396 0.098126536 0.0218916
## u-schwa 0.26251898 0.21588269 0.309155268 0.0000000
## ae-a 0.01292448 -0.03371181 0.059560763 0.9428703
## i-a -0.02382913 -0.07046542 0.022807160 0.6311783
## u-a 0.18719960 0.14056332 0.233835892 0.0000000
## i-ae -0.03675360 -0.08338989 0.009882684 0.1989404
## u-ae 0.17427513 0.12763884 0.220911417 0.0000000
## u-i 0.21102873 0.16439244 0.257665020 0.0000000##
## Call:
## lm(formula = F4.error ~ LEN + I(LEN^2) + vowel + (LEN:vowel) +
## (I(LEN^2):vowel) + replication + generation, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.7485 -0.0849 -0.0326 0.0459 4.3436
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 1.402e+00 8.576e-01 1.635 0.102142
## LEN 3.421e-01 2.180e-01 1.569 0.116715
## I(LEN^2) 2.249e-02 1.370e-02 1.642 0.100658
## vowela -1.963e+00 1.191e+00 -1.648 0.099435 .
## vowelae 3.470e+00 1.190e+00 2.916 0.003575 **
## voweli 5.162e-01 1.197e+00 0.431 0.666239
## vowelu 1.197e+01 1.202e+00 9.960 < 2e-16 ***
## replication -5.014e-06 1.872e-04 -0.027 0.978636
## generation -5.833e-04 5.736e-05 -10.170 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN:vowela -5.247e-01 3.033e-01 -1.730 0.083725 .
## LEN:vowelae 9.642e-01 3.030e-01 3.182 0.001477 **
## LEN:voweli 5.172e-02 3.046e-01 0.170 0.865170
## LEN:vowelu 2.871e+00 3.064e-01 9.371 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowela -3.284e-02 1.905e-02 -1.724 0.084868 .
## I(LEN^2):vowelae 6.643e-02 1.903e-02 3.491 0.000489 ***
## I(LEN^2):voweli -8.923e-04 1.912e-02 -0.047 0.962790
## I(LEN^2):vowelu 1.736e-01 1.926e-02 9.014 < 2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.2959 on 2983 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.2145, Adjusted R-squared: 0.2102
## F-statistic: 50.9 on 16 and 2983 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16F5
## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## LEN 1 65.93 65.93 1520.677 <2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2) 1 77.15 77.15 1779.445 <2e-16 ***
## vowel 4 106.48 26.62 613.995 <2e-16 ***
## replication 1 0.03 0.03 0.744 0.389
## generation 1 6.42 6.42 148.158 <2e-16 ***
## LEN:vowel 4 19.37 4.84 111.700 <2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowel 4 90.46 22.62 521.652 <2e-16 ***
## Residuals 2983 129.33 0.04
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = f5.lm)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa 0.02494017 -0.007871841 0.057752175 0.2313571
## ae-schwa 0.09895817 0.066146159 0.131770175 0.0000000
## i-schwa -0.03595900 -0.068771008 -0.003146992 0.0234372
## u-schwa -0.43585017 -0.468662175 -0.403038159 0.0000000
## ae-a 0.07401800 0.041205992 0.106830008 0.0000000
## i-a -0.06089917 -0.093711175 -0.028087159 0.0000043
## u-a -0.46079033 -0.493602341 -0.427978325 0.0000000
## i-ae -0.13491717 -0.167729175 -0.102105159 0.0000000
## u-ae -0.53480833 -0.567620341 -0.501996325 0.0000000
## u-i -0.39989117 -0.432703175 -0.367079159 0.0000000##
## Call:
## lm(formula = F5_elite ~ LEN + I(LEN^2) + vowel + (LEN:vowel) +
## (I(LEN^2):vowel) + replication + generation, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -1.16825 -0.10985 0.00877 0.09293 1.36548
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 2.332e+01 6.034e-01 38.655 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN 1.265e+00 1.534e-01 8.248 2.39e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2) 7.574e-02 9.637e-03 7.859 5.34e-15 ***
## vowela 2.452e+00 8.379e-01 2.927 0.00345 **
## vowelae 1.138e-01 8.373e-01 0.136 0.89191
## voweli 2.532e+00 8.419e-01 3.007 0.00266 **
## vowelu 3.242e+01 8.455e-01 38.343 < 2e-16 ***
## replication -1.388e-04 1.317e-04 -1.054 0.29212
## generation -3.344e-04 4.035e-05 -8.286 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN:vowela 5.222e-01 2.134e-01 2.447 0.01446 *
## LEN:vowelae -9.328e-02 2.132e-01 -0.438 0.66174
## LEN:voweli 6.251e-01 2.143e-01 2.917 0.00356 **
## LEN:vowelu 8.173e+00 2.156e-01 37.911 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowela 2.704e-02 1.340e-02 2.017 0.04376 *
## I(LEN^2):vowelae -1.191e-02 1.339e-02 -0.890 0.37380
## I(LEN^2):voweli 3.734e-02 1.346e-02 2.775 0.00555 **
## I(LEN^2):vowelu 5.002e-01 1.355e-02 36.910 < 2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.2082 on 2983 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.7388, Adjusted R-squared: 0.7374
## F-statistic: 527.4 on 16 and 2983 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## LEN 1 78.9 78.94 826.584 <2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2) 1 162.8 162.76 1704.212 <2e-16 ***
## vowel 4 363.9 90.98 952.642 <2e-16 ***
## replication 1 0.1 0.07 0.707 0.401
## generation 1 14.3 14.30 149.726 <2e-16 ***
## LEN:vowel 4 170.6 42.65 446.635 <2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowel 4 349.2 87.30 914.151 <2e-16 ***
## Residuals 2983 284.9 0.10
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = f5e.lm)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa 0.017963483 -0.030735666 0.06666263 0.8523528
## ae-schwa 0.023620836 -0.025078313 0.07231998 0.6763185
## i-schwa 0.050998397 0.002299248 0.09969755 0.0347793
## u-schwa 0.892911019 0.844211871 0.94161017 0.0000000
## ae-a 0.005657353 -0.043041796 0.05435650 0.9978132
## i-a 0.033034914 -0.015664234 0.08173406 0.3441483
## u-a 0.874947537 0.826248388 0.92364669 0.0000000
## i-ae 0.027377561 -0.021321587 0.07607671 0.5400289
## u-ae 0.869290184 0.820591035 0.91798933 0.0000000
## u-i 0.841912622 0.793213474 0.89061177 0.0000000##
## Call:
## lm(formula = F5.error ~ LEN + I(LEN^2) + vowel + (LEN:vowel) +
## (I(LEN^2):vowel) + replication + generation, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -2.70174 -0.05366 -0.00684 0.03785 2.68674
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 4.010e+00 8.955e-01 4.477 7.84e-06 ***
## LEN 9.752e-01 2.277e-01 4.284 1.90e-05 ***
## I(LEN^2) 5.998e-02 1.430e-02 4.193 2.83e-05 ***
## vowela 1.577e+00 1.244e+00 1.268 0.205
## vowelae 1.750e+00 1.243e+00 1.408 0.159
## voweli 1.992e+00 1.250e+00 1.594 0.111
## vowelu 6.642e+01 1.255e+00 52.932 < 2e-16 ***
## replication -1.971e-04 1.955e-04 -1.008 0.313
## generation -4.353e-04 5.989e-05 -7.269 4.61e-13 ***
## LEN:vowela 3.451e-01 3.167e-01 1.089 0.276
## LEN:vowelae 4.184e-01 3.164e-01 1.322 0.186
## LEN:voweli 4.585e-01 3.181e-01 1.441 0.150
## LEN:vowelu 1.614e+01 3.200e-01 50.436 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowela 1.870e-02 1.990e-02 0.940 0.347
## I(LEN^2):vowelae 2.471e-02 1.987e-02 1.244 0.214
## I(LEN^2):voweli 2.648e-02 1.997e-02 1.326 0.185
## I(LEN^2):vowelu 9.773e-01 2.012e-02 48.584 < 2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.309 on 2983 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.8, Adjusted R-squared: 0.799
## F-statistic: 745.9 on 16 and 2983 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16Summarized
| DVs, interactions & R2 | F1 | F1 error | F2 | F2 error | F3 | F3 error | F4 | F4 error | F5 | F5 error |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LEN | -0.13 (0.17) | 0.25 (0.0048**) | 0.053 (0.62) | 0.25 (0.067) | -3.4 (2.9e-49***) | 3.7 (1.7e-39***) | -1 (1.7e-07***) | 0.34 (0.12) | 1.3 (2.4e-16***) | 0.98 (1.9e-05***) |
| LEN^2 | -0.0078 (0.19) | 0.016 (0.0045**) | 0.0035 (0.6) | 0.016 (0.064) | -0.23 (4.2e-56***) | 0.25 (4.2e-44***) | -0.068 (4.6e-08***) | 0.022 (0.1) | 0.076 (5.3e-15***) | 0.06 (2.8e-05***) |
| vowel | . (0***) | . (8e-75***) | . (0***) | . (6.3e-260***) | . (0***) | . (1.7e-101***) | . (0***) | . (9.3e-55***) | . (0***) | . (0***) |
| replication | 4.7e-05 (0.56) | 0.00011 (0.14) | 3.1e-05 (0.73) | -5.9e-05 (0.61) | 4.7e-05 (0.81) | 2.3e-05 (0.92) | 0.0001 (0.54) | -5e-06 (0.98) | -0.00014 (0.29) | -0.0002 (0.31) |
| generation | -0.00024 (6.2e-22***) | -0.00028 (5.6e-33***) | -0.00013 (2.1e-06***) | -0.0003 (1e-16***) | 8.1e-05 (0.17) | -0.00049 (1.8e-11***) | -0.00028 (8.6e-08***) | -0.00058 (6.6e-24***) | -0.00033 (1.8e-16***) | -0.00044 (4.6e-13***) |
| LEN:vowel | . (1.1e-110***) | . (3.2e-107***) | . (0***) | . (0***) | . (4.1e-42***) | . (2.9e-126***) | . (1.1e-53***) | . (2e-34***) | . (7.6e-89***) | . (5.6e-302***) |
| LEN^2:vowel | . (8.8e-135***) | . (4.3e-11***) | . (2.2e-246***) | . (2e-217***) | . (5.4e-54***) | . (1.2e-86***) | . (1.5e-58***) | . (3.1e-30***) | . (0***) | . (0***) |
| adjusted R2 | 99.5% | 31.3% | 99.8% | 69.1% | 72.9% | 65.1% | 55.8% | 21.0% | 73.7% | 79.9% |
Formants for each vowel per condition for mobile hyoid.
Predicted formants for each vowel per condition for mobile hyoid. (95% prediction intervals are too narrow to show.)
Predicted formants for each vowel per condition for mobile hyoid. (95% prediction intervals are too narrow to show.)
Scaled predicted formants for each vowel per condition for mobile hyoid. (95% prediction intervals are not shown).
Predicted acoustic errors for each vowel per condition for mobile hyoid. (95% prediction intervals are too narrow to show.)
Predicted acoustic errors for each vowel per condition for mobile hyoid. (95% prediction intervals are too narrow to show.)
Inter-vowel distances
F1–F5
## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## VTRatio_elite 1 24 23.7 466.251 <2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio_elite^2) 1 105 105.4 2074.671 <2e-16 ***
## vowel.pair 9 24922 2769.1 54523.114 <2e-16 ***
## replication 1 0 0.1 2.294 0.13
## VTRatio_elite:vowel.pair 9 166 18.4 362.653 <2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowel.pair 9 29 3.2 63.901 <2e-16 ***
## Residuals 5969 303 0.1
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = ive15.lm)
##
## $vowel.pair
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-i-a-ae 3.2206040 3.17942457 3.2617834 0
## a-schwa-a-ae -1.7595631 -1.80074257 -1.7183837 0
## a-u-a-ae 1.3600053 1.31882590 1.4011848 0
## ae-i-a-ae 1.1763889 1.13520949 1.2175684 0
## ae-schwa-a-ae -0.6914381 -0.73261752 -0.6502586 0
## ae-u-a-ae 4.2238993 4.18271988 4.2650787 0
## i-schwa-a-ae 1.6718153 1.63063591 1.7129948 0
## i-u-a-ae 5.1604378 5.11925838 5.2016172 0
## schwa-u-a-ae 1.4910841 1.44990464 1.5322635 0
## a-schwa-a-i -4.9801671 -5.02134656 -4.9389877 0
## a-u-a-i -1.8605987 -1.90177810 -1.8194192 0
## ae-i-a-i -2.0442151 -2.08539451 -2.0030356 0
## ae-schwa-a-i -3.9120421 -3.95322151 -3.8708626 0
## ae-u-a-i 1.0032953 0.96211588 1.0444747 0
## i-schwa-a-i -1.5487887 -1.58996809 -1.5076092 0
## i-u-a-i 1.9398338 1.89865438 1.9810132 0
## schwa-u-a-i -1.7295199 -1.77069936 -1.6883405 0
## a-u-a-schwa 3.1195685 3.07838903 3.1607479 0
## ae-i-a-schwa 2.9359521 2.89477262 2.9771315 0
## ae-schwa-a-schwa 1.0681250 1.02694562 1.1093045 0
## ae-u-a-schwa 5.9834624 5.94228301 6.0246419 0
## i-schwa-a-schwa 3.4313785 3.39019904 3.4725579 0
## i-u-a-schwa 6.9200009 6.87882151 6.9611804 0
## schwa-u-a-schwa 3.2506472 3.20946777 3.2918266 0
## ae-i-a-u -0.1836164 -0.22479584 -0.1424370 0
## ae-schwa-a-u -2.0514434 -2.09262285 -2.0102640 0
## ae-u-a-u 2.8638940 2.82271455 2.9050734 0
## i-schwa-a-u 0.3118100 0.27063058 0.3529894 0
## i-u-a-u 3.8004325 3.75925305 3.8416119 0
## schwa-u-a-u 0.1310787 0.08989931 0.1722582 0
## ae-schwa-ae-i -1.8678270 -1.90900644 -1.8266476 0
## ae-u-ae-i 3.0475104 3.00633096 3.0886898 0
## i-schwa-ae-i 0.4954264 0.45424699 0.5366059 0
## i-u-ae-i 3.9840489 3.94286946 4.0252283 0
## schwa-u-ae-i 0.3146951 0.27351571 0.3558746 0
## ae-u-ae-schwa 4.9153374 4.87415796 4.9565168 0
## i-schwa-ae-schwa 2.3632534 2.32207399 2.4044329 0
## i-u-ae-schwa 5.8518759 5.81069646 5.8930553 0
## schwa-u-ae-schwa 2.1825222 2.14134272 2.2237016 0
## i-schwa-ae-u -2.5520840 -2.59326340 -2.5109045 0
## i-u-ae-u 0.9365385 0.89535907 0.9777179 0
## schwa-u-ae-u -2.7328152 -2.77399468 -2.6916358 0
## i-u-i-schwa 3.4886225 3.44744304 3.5298019 0
## schwa-u-i-schwa -0.1807313 -0.22191070 -0.1395518 0
## schwa-u-i-u -3.6693537 -3.71053318 -3.6281743 0##
## Call:
## lm(formula = dist_elite_F1F5 ~ VTRatio_elite + I(VTRatio_elite^2) +
## vowel.pair + (VTRatio_elite:vowel.pair) + (I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowel.pair) +
## replication, data = intervowel.dists[intervowel.dists$fixed.hyoid ==
## FALSE, ])
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -1.63591 -0.09749 0.01613 0.11363 0.98443
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept) -9.219e+00 1.108e+00 -8.318
## VTRatio_elite 5.350e+01 4.902e+00 10.914
## I(VTRatio_elite^2) -5.546e+01 5.379e+00 -10.310
## vowel.paira-i -1.010e+01 1.567e+00 -6.441
## vowel.paira-schwa 6.350e+00 1.567e+00 4.051
## vowel.paira-u 7.572e+00 1.567e+00 4.831
## vowel.pairae-i -5.079e+00 1.567e+00 -3.240
## vowel.pairae-schwa -1.879e+00 1.567e+00 -1.199
## vowel.pairae-u -5.082e+00 1.567e+00 -3.242
## vowel.pairi-schwa -8.337e+00 1.567e+00 -5.319
## vowel.pairi-u -1.626e+01 1.567e+00 -10.371
## vowel.pairschwa-u 1.064e+01 1.567e+00 6.786
## replication -1.527e-04 1.008e-04 -1.515
## VTRatio_elite:vowel.paira-i 5.680e+01 6.933e+00 8.193
## VTRatio_elite:vowel.paira-schwa -3.343e+01 6.933e+00 -4.823
## VTRatio_elite:vowel.paira-u -1.917e+01 6.933e+00 -2.765
## VTRatio_elite:vowel.pairae-i 2.843e+01 6.933e+00 4.100
## VTRatio_elite:vowel.pairae-schwa 4.748e+00 6.933e+00 0.685
## VTRatio_elite:vowel.pairae-u 4.551e+01 6.933e+00 6.564
## VTRatio_elite:vowel.pairi-schwa 4.174e+01 6.933e+00 6.021
## VTRatio_elite:vowel.pairi-u 9.290e+01 6.933e+00 13.401
## VTRatio_elite:vowel.pairschwa-u -3.293e+01 6.933e+00 -4.750
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowel.paira-i -5.992e+01 7.608e+00 -7.876
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowel.paira-schwa 3.397e+01 7.608e+00 4.465
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowel.paira-u 1.193e+01 7.608e+00 1.568
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowel.pairae-i -3.197e+01 7.608e+00 -4.202
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowel.pairae-schwa -4.652e+00 7.608e+00 -0.612
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowel.pairae-u -5.460e+01 7.608e+00 -7.176
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowel.pairi-schwa -4.297e+01 7.608e+00 -5.648
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowel.pairi-u -9.978e+01 7.608e+00 -13.115
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowel.pairschwa-u 2.786e+01 7.608e+00 3.662
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16 ***
## VTRatio_elite < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio_elite^2) < 2e-16 ***
## vowel.paira-i 1.28e-10 ***
## vowel.paira-schwa 5.16e-05 ***
## vowel.paira-u 1.39e-06 ***
## vowel.pairae-i 0.001201 **
## vowel.pairae-schwa 0.230733
## vowel.pairae-u 0.001193 **
## vowel.pairi-schwa 1.08e-07 ***
## vowel.pairi-u < 2e-16 ***
## vowel.pairschwa-u 1.27e-11 ***
## replication 0.129945
## VTRatio_elite:vowel.paira-i 3.10e-16 ***
## VTRatio_elite:vowel.paira-schwa 1.45e-06 ***
## VTRatio_elite:vowel.paira-u 0.005717 **
## VTRatio_elite:vowel.pairae-i 4.18e-05 ***
## VTRatio_elite:vowel.pairae-schwa 0.493416
## VTRatio_elite:vowel.pairae-u 5.66e-11 ***
## VTRatio_elite:vowel.pairi-schwa 1.83e-09 ***
## VTRatio_elite:vowel.pairi-u < 2e-16 ***
## VTRatio_elite:vowel.pairschwa-u 2.08e-06 ***
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowel.paira-i 3.97e-15 ***
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowel.paira-schwa 8.17e-06 ***
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowel.paira-u 0.116988
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowel.pairae-i 2.68e-05 ***
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowel.pairae-schwa 0.540867
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowel.pairae-u 8.03e-13 ***
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowel.pairi-schwa 1.70e-08 ***
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowel.pairi-u < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowel.pairschwa-u 0.000252 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.2254 on 5969 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.9881, Adjusted R-squared: 0.9881
## F-statistic: 1.657e+04 on 30 and 5969 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16F1–F2
## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## VTRatio_elite 1 49 48.7 1120.54 <2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio_elite^2) 1 154 154.4 3555.45 <2e-16 ***
## vowel.pair 9 24620 2735.5 62990.14 <2e-16 ***
## replication 1 0 0.2 4.22 0.04 *
## VTRatio_elite:vowel.pair 9 157 17.5 402.49 <2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowel.pair 9 35 3.9 88.82 <2e-16 ***
## Residuals 5969 259 0.0
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = ive12.lm)
##
## $vowel.pair
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-i-a-ae 3.1454271 3.10734850 3.1835057 0
## a-schwa-a-ae -1.8238912 -1.86196986 -1.7858126 0
## a-u-a-ae 1.2563157 1.21823712 1.2943944 0
## ae-i-a-ae 1.0623131 1.02423452 1.1003918 0
## ae-schwa-a-ae -0.6905142 -0.72859279 -0.6524356 0
## ae-u-a-ae 4.1640962 4.12601760 4.2021748 0
## i-schwa-a-ae 1.5362092 1.49813059 1.5742878 0
## i-u-a-ae 5.0867498 5.04867123 5.1248285 0
## schwa-u-a-ae 1.3753741 1.33729551 1.4134527 0
## a-schwa-a-i -4.9693184 -5.00739698 -4.9312397 0
## a-u-a-i -1.8891114 -1.92719001 -1.8510328 0
## ae-i-a-i -2.0831140 -2.12119260 -2.0450354 0
## ae-schwa-a-i -3.8359413 -3.87401992 -3.7978627 0
## ae-u-a-i 1.0186691 0.98059047 1.0567477 0
## i-schwa-a-i -1.6092179 -1.64729654 -1.5711393 0
## i-u-a-i 1.9413227 1.90324410 1.9794013 0
## schwa-u-a-i -1.7700530 -1.80813162 -1.7319744 0
## a-u-a-schwa 3.0802070 3.04212836 3.1182856 0
## ae-i-a-schwa 2.8862044 2.84812576 2.9242830 0
## ae-schwa-a-schwa 1.1333771 1.09529844 1.1714557 0
## ae-u-a-schwa 5.9879875 5.94990883 6.0260661 0
## i-schwa-a-schwa 3.3601004 3.32202183 3.3981791 0
## i-u-a-schwa 6.9106411 6.87256246 6.9487197 0
## schwa-u-a-schwa 3.1992654 3.16118674 3.2373440 0
## ae-i-a-u -0.1940026 -0.23208122 -0.1559240 0
## ae-schwa-a-u -1.9468299 -1.98490853 -1.9087513 0
## ae-u-a-u 2.9077805 2.86970186 2.9458591 0
## i-schwa-a-u 0.2798935 0.24181485 0.3179721 0
## i-u-a-u 3.8304341 3.79235549 3.8685127 0
## schwa-u-a-u 0.1190584 0.08097977 0.1571370 0
## ae-schwa-ae-i -1.7528273 -1.79090594 -1.7147487 0
## ae-u-ae-i 3.1017831 3.06370445 3.1398617 0
## i-schwa-ae-i 0.4738961 0.43581745 0.5119747 0
## i-u-ae-i 4.0244367 3.98635808 4.0625153 0
## schwa-u-ae-i 0.3130610 0.27498236 0.3511396 0
## ae-u-ae-schwa 4.8546104 4.81653177 4.8926890 0
## i-schwa-ae-schwa 2.2267234 2.18864476 2.2648020 0
## i-u-ae-schwa 5.7772640 5.73918540 5.8153426 0
## schwa-u-ae-schwa 2.0658883 2.02780968 2.1039669 0
## i-schwa-ae-u -2.6278870 -2.66596563 -2.5898084 0
## i-u-ae-u 0.9226536 0.88457501 0.9607323 0
## schwa-u-ae-u -2.7887221 -2.82680071 -2.7506435 0
## i-u-i-schwa 3.5505406 3.51246202 3.5886193 0
## schwa-u-i-schwa -0.1608351 -0.19891370 -0.1227565 0
## schwa-u-i-u -3.7113757 -3.74945434 -3.6732971 0##
## Call:
## lm(formula = dist_elite_F1F2 ~ VTRatio_elite + I(VTRatio_elite^2) +
## vowel.pair + (VTRatio_elite:vowel.pair) + (I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowel.pair) +
## replication, data = intervowel.dists[intervowel.dists$fixed.hyoid ==
## FALSE, ])
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -1.65321 -0.07894 0.01856 0.10477 1.11594
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept) -9.654e+00 1.025e+00 -9.420
## VTRatio_elite 5.543e+01 4.533e+00 12.229
## I(VTRatio_elite^2) -5.773e+01 4.974e+00 -11.606
## vowel.paira-i -1.715e+01 1.449e+00 -11.832
## vowel.paira-schwa 6.031e+00 1.449e+00 4.161
## vowel.paira-u 2.819e+00 1.449e+00 1.945
## vowel.pairae-i -1.127e+01 1.449e+00 -7.778
## vowel.pairae-schwa -3.437e+00 1.449e+00 -2.372
## vowel.pairae-u -6.561e+00 1.449e+00 -4.527
## vowel.pairi-schwa -1.447e+01 1.449e+00 -9.983
## vowel.pairi-u -1.783e+01 1.449e+00 -12.303
## vowel.pairschwa-u 6.730e+00 1.449e+00 4.643
## replication -1.914e-04 9.320e-05 -2.054
## VTRatio_elite:vowel.paira-i 8.645e+01 6.411e+00 13.486
## VTRatio_elite:vowel.paira-schwa -3.246e+01 6.411e+00 -5.063
## VTRatio_elite:vowel.paira-u -3.328e-02 6.411e+00 -0.005
## VTRatio_elite:vowel.pairae-i 5.419e+01 6.411e+00 8.453
## VTRatio_elite:vowel.pairae-schwa 1.161e+01 6.411e+00 1.812
## VTRatio_elite:vowel.pairae-u 5.096e+01 6.411e+00 7.949
## VTRatio_elite:vowel.pairi-schwa 6.752e+01 6.411e+00 10.532
## VTRatio_elite:vowel.pairi-u 9.871e+01 6.411e+00 15.397
## VTRatio_elite:vowel.pairschwa-u -1.699e+01 6.411e+00 -2.651
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowel.paira-i -9.109e+01 7.035e+00 -12.948
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowel.paira-schwa 3.305e+01 7.035e+00 4.699
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowel.paira-u -7.471e+00 7.035e+00 -1.062
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowel.pairae-i -5.895e+01 7.035e+00 -8.380
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowel.pairae-schwa -1.214e+01 7.035e+00 -1.726
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowel.pairae-u -5.966e+01 7.035e+00 -8.481
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowel.pairi-schwa -7.039e+01 7.035e+00 -10.006
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowel.pairi-u -1.052e+02 7.035e+00 -14.956
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowel.pairschwa-u 1.131e+01 7.035e+00 1.608
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16 ***
## VTRatio_elite < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio_elite^2) < 2e-16 ***
## vowel.paira-i < 2e-16 ***
## vowel.paira-schwa 3.21e-05 ***
## vowel.paira-u 0.05180 .
## vowel.pairae-i 8.65e-15 ***
## vowel.pairae-schwa 0.01775 *
## vowel.pairae-u 6.10e-06 ***
## vowel.pairi-schwa < 2e-16 ***
## vowel.pairi-u < 2e-16 ***
## vowel.pairschwa-u 3.50e-06 ***
## replication 0.04000 *
## VTRatio_elite:vowel.paira-i < 2e-16 ***
## VTRatio_elite:vowel.paira-schwa 4.25e-07 ***
## VTRatio_elite:vowel.paira-u 0.99586
## VTRatio_elite:vowel.pairae-i < 2e-16 ***
## VTRatio_elite:vowel.pairae-schwa 0.07006 .
## VTRatio_elite:vowel.pairae-u 2.23e-15 ***
## VTRatio_elite:vowel.pairi-schwa < 2e-16 ***
## VTRatio_elite:vowel.pairi-u < 2e-16 ***
## VTRatio_elite:vowel.pairschwa-u 0.00806 **
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowel.paira-i < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowel.paira-schwa 2.68e-06 ***
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowel.paira-u 0.28831
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowel.pairae-i < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowel.pairae-schwa 0.08446 .
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowel.pairae-u < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowel.pairi-schwa < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowel.pairi-u < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio_elite^2):vowel.pairschwa-u 0.10791
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.2084 on 5969 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.9897, Adjusted R-squared: 0.9897
## F-statistic: 1.92e+04 on 30 and 5969 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16Summarized
| DVs, interactions & R2 | Dist(F1-F5) | Dist(F1-F2) |
|---|---|---|
| VTRatio_elite | 54 (1.8e-27***) | 55 (5.6e-34***) |
| VTRatio_elite^2 | -55 (1e-24***) | -58 (8.2e-31***) |
| vowel.pair | . (0***) | . (0***) |
| replication | -0.00015 (0.13) | -0.00019 (0.04*) |
| VTRatio_elite:vowel.pair | . (0***) | . (0***) |
| VTRatio_elite^2:vowel.pair | . (1.5e-112***) | . (8.8e-156***) |
| adjusted R2 | 98.8% | 99.0% |
Predicted intervowel distances with 95% prediction intervals function of VTRatio per vowel pair.
Raw intervowel distance (F1-F5) function of VTRatio per vowel pair.
Target-elite Procrustes distances
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Proc.rmsd ~ VTRatio_elite + I(VTRatio_elite^2) +
## replication, data = tmp)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.28666 -0.05387 -0.01242 0.04205 0.44509
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 1.115e+01 4.772e-01 23.359 <2e-16 ***
## VTRatio_elite -4.816e+01 2.110e+00 -22.820 <2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio_elite^2) 5.260e+01 2.316e+00 22.713 <2e-16 ***
## replication 9.578e-05 1.372e-04 0.698 0.485
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.09702 on 596 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.4686, Adjusted R-squared: 0.4659
## F-statistic: 175.2 on 3 and 596 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16| DVs, interactions & R2 | Procr.dist |
|---|---|
| VTRatio_elite | -48 (2.6e-83***) |
| VTRatio_elite^2 | 53 (9.5e-83***) |
| replication | 9.6e-05 (0.49) |
| adjusted R2 | 46.6% |
Principal Component Analysis
PCA acoustics & articulation
Mobile hyoid
PCA of articulatory and acoustic parameters for the mobile hyoid.
PCA on acoustics only for the mobile hyoid.
The first three PCs explain together 60.7% of the variance:
- PC1 explains 27.2% of variance;
- PC2 explains 17.3% of variance;
- PC3 explains 16.2% of variance.
Stats (mobile hyoid only)
Acoustics on VTRatio and articulatory parameters
F1
## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## VTRatio 1 47 47.0 6.080e+03 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2) 1 1 1.1 1.465e+02 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel 4 8870 2217.5 2.866e+05 < 2e-16 ***
## JA 1 1 1.2 1.487e+02 < 2e-16 ***
## LP 1 3 3.4 4.361e+02 < 2e-16 ***
## LD 1 1 1.4 1.786e+02 < 2e-16 ***
## TCX 1 4 4.2 5.468e+02 < 2e-16 ***
## TCY 1 6 6.4 8.311e+02 < 2e-16 ***
## TTX 1 0 0.0 2.900e-02 0.8638
## TTY 1 2 2.4 3.134e+02 < 2e-16 ***
## TBX 1 0 0.0 5.837e+00 0.0158 *
## TBY 1 0 0.3 3.962e+01 3.55e-10 ***
## hyoidX 1 0 0.3 3.736e+01 1.11e-09 ***
## hyoidY 1 0 0.0 1.748e+00 0.1862
## replication 1 0 0.0 2.007e+00 0.1567
## generation 1 1 1.3 1.672e+02 < 2e-16 ***
## VTRatio:vowel 4 6 1.5 1.961e+02 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowel 4 7 1.7 2.170e+02 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel:JA 4 1 0.4 4.769e+01 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel:LP 4 2 0.5 6.612e+01 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel:LD 4 1 0.2 2.673e+01 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel:TCX 4 3 0.7 8.829e+01 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel:TCY 4 1 0.1 1.647e+01 2.38e-13 ***
## vowel:TTX 4 1 0.4 4.559e+01 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel:TTY 4 0 0.0 6.010e+00 8.17e-05 ***
## vowel:TBX 4 2 0.5 6.681e+01 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel:TBY 4 2 0.6 7.423e+01 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel:hyoidX 4 1 0.3 3.458e+01 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel:hyoidY 4 0 0.1 1.329e+01 9.90e-11 ***
## Residuals 2928 23 0.0
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = f1.m0)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa 1.2653481 1.2514864 1.2792097 0
## ae-schwa 1.4167198 1.4028581 1.4305814 0
## i-schwa -2.7417014 -2.7555630 -2.7278397 0
## u-schwa -2.1471948 -2.1610565 -2.1333332 0
## ae-a 0.1513717 0.1375101 0.1652333 0
## i-a -4.0070494 -4.0209111 -3.9931878 0
## u-a -3.4125429 -3.4264046 -3.3986813 0
## i-ae -4.1584211 -4.1722828 -4.1445595 0
## u-ae -3.5639146 -3.5777763 -3.5500530 0
## u-i 0.5945065 0.5806449 0.6083681 0##
## Call:
## lm(formula = F1 ~ VTRatio + I(VTRatio^2) + vowel + JA + LP +
## LD + TCX + TCY + TTX + TTY + TBX + TBY + hyoidX + hyoidY +
## (VTRatio:vowel) + (I(VTRatio^2):vowel) + (JA:vowel) + (LP:vowel) +
## (LD:vowel) + (TCX:vowel) + (TCY:vowel) + (TTX:vowel) + (TTY:vowel) +
## (TBX:vowel) + (TBY:vowel) + (hyoidX:vowel) + (hyoidY:vowel) +
## replication + generation, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.70734 -0.03794 0.00437 0.03917 0.80442
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 2.534e+00 1.010e+00 2.508 0.012194 *
## VTRatio 1.032e+01 3.671e+00 2.810 0.004982 **
## I(VTRatio^2) -1.086e+01 3.703e+00 -2.933 0.003382 **
## vowela -5.085e-01 1.312e+00 -0.388 0.698356
## vowelae -1.119e+01 1.417e+00 -7.900 3.93e-15 ***
## voweli 3.437e+00 1.276e+00 2.693 0.007118 **
## vowelu 4.277e+00 1.211e+00 3.532 0.000419 ***
## JA 9.673e-04 2.512e-03 0.385 0.700169
## LP 6.779e-03 9.024e-03 0.751 0.452610
## LD 1.499e-03 4.309e-03 0.348 0.728025
## TCX -1.322e-02 1.587e-02 -0.833 0.405011
## TCY -3.485e-03 1.003e-02 -0.348 0.728209
## TTX -4.840e-03 5.372e-03 -0.901 0.367676
## TTY 7.859e-04 4.850e-03 0.162 0.871268
## TBX 4.546e-03 2.681e-03 1.696 0.090025 .
## TBY 4.324e-04 4.681e-03 0.092 0.926398
## hyoidX -1.779e-02 9.642e-03 -1.845 0.065106 .
## hyoidY -3.660e-02 2.858e-02 -1.281 0.200338
## replication 1.375e-05 5.604e-05 0.245 0.806166
## generation -1.363e-04 1.897e-05 -7.188 8.32e-13 ***
## VTRatio:vowela 8.029e+00 4.783e+00 1.679 0.093342 .
## VTRatio:vowelae 5.414e+01 5.177e+00 10.459 < 2e-16 ***
## VTRatio:voweli -2.407e+01 4.753e+00 -5.064 4.36e-07 ***
## VTRatio:vowelu -2.817e+01 4.343e+00 -6.487 1.02e-10 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowela -7.485e+00 4.909e+00 -1.525 0.127404
## I(VTRatio^2):vowelae -5.662e+01 5.318e+00 -10.646 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):voweli 2.692e+01 4.886e+00 5.510 3.91e-08 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowelu 3.413e+01 4.383e+00 7.786 9.50e-15 ***
## vowela:JA -1.336e-02 4.653e-03 -2.872 0.004114 **
## vowelae:JA 3.495e-03 6.508e-03 0.537 0.591317
## voweli:JA -4.632e-04 3.896e-03 -0.119 0.905377
## vowelu:JA 7.349e-03 3.174e-03 2.315 0.020683 *
## vowela:LP -2.423e-02 1.418e-02 -1.709 0.087480 .
## vowelae:LP -1.695e-02 1.661e-02 -1.021 0.307548
## voweli:LP -1.915e-02 1.221e-02 -1.569 0.116863
## vowelu:LP -1.560e-01 1.182e-02 -13.204 < 2e-16 ***
## vowela:LD -7.858e-05 6.847e-03 -0.011 0.990844
## vowelae:LD -1.537e-02 7.418e-03 -2.072 0.038360 *
## voweli:LD -4.784e-04 5.660e-03 -0.085 0.932635
## vowelu:LD 5.340e-02 6.636e-03 8.047 1.22e-15 ***
## vowela:TCX -6.135e-02 4.802e-02 -1.278 0.201475
## vowelae:TCX -1.101e-01 2.473e-02 -4.453 8.78e-06 ***
## voweli:TCX -4.136e-02 1.682e-02 -2.459 0.013988 *
## vowelu:TCX -3.402e-01 2.161e-02 -15.741 < 2e-16 ***
## vowela:TCY -1.578e-01 3.042e-02 -5.186 2.29e-07 ***
## vowelae:TCY -1.091e-02 2.005e-02 -0.544 0.586390
## voweli:TCY -5.283e-02 1.710e-02 -3.090 0.002022 **
## vowelu:TCY 9.311e-02 1.617e-02 5.758 9.41e-09 ***
## vowela:TTX -2.164e-02 8.122e-03 -2.664 0.007764 **
## vowelae:TTX -4.318e-03 7.840e-03 -0.551 0.581850
## voweli:TTX 1.074e-02 6.657e-03 1.613 0.106841
## vowelu:TTX 9.265e-02 7.562e-03 12.253 < 2e-16 ***
## vowela:TTY -8.013e-02 8.657e-03 -9.256 < 2e-16 ***
## vowelae:TTY -5.741e-02 1.218e-02 -4.713 2.55e-06 ***
## voweli:TTY -1.750e-02 7.298e-03 -2.398 0.016546 *
## vowelu:TTY -4.441e-03 6.481e-03 -0.685 0.493236
## vowela:TBX -9.160e-03 4.596e-03 -1.993 0.046352 *
## vowelae:TBX 1.594e-03 7.319e-03 0.218 0.827653
## voweli:TBX -4.741e-02 7.053e-03 -6.722 2.15e-11 ***
## vowelu:TBX -5.896e-03 5.303e-03 -1.112 0.266278
## vowela:TBY -1.120e-01 7.901e-03 -14.174 < 2e-16 ***
## vowelae:TBY -8.468e-02 1.354e-02 -6.256 4.52e-10 ***
## voweli:TBY -1.803e-02 1.345e-02 -1.340 0.180245
## vowelu:TBY 3.838e-02 7.972e-03 4.815 1.55e-06 ***
## vowela:hyoidX -2.151e-01 1.928e-02 -11.155 < 2e-16 ***
## vowelae:hyoidX -1.744e-02 1.827e-02 -0.955 0.339778
## voweli:hyoidX 2.438e-02 1.599e-02 1.525 0.127463
## vowelu:hyoidX -3.959e-02 1.406e-02 -2.817 0.004884 **
## vowela:hyoidY 2.600e-01 4.156e-02 6.256 4.54e-10 ***
## vowelae:hyoidY 3.164e-02 4.587e-02 0.690 0.490352
## voweli:hyoidY 1.478e-01 4.109e-02 3.597 0.000327 ***
## vowelu:hyoidY 1.967e-01 3.931e-02 5.005 5.93e-07 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.08796 on 2928 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.9975, Adjusted R-squared: 0.9974
## F-statistic: 1.632e+04 on 71 and 2928 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## VTRatio 1 0.563 0.5629 58.177 3.22e-14 ***
## I(VTRatio^2) 1 2.569 2.5685 265.447 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel 4 5.657 1.4142 146.147 < 2e-16 ***
## JA 1 0.245 0.2447 25.290 5.23e-07 ***
## LP 1 0.798 0.7977 82.444 < 2e-16 ***
## LD 1 0.295 0.2948 30.469 3.69e-08 ***
## TCX 1 0.590 0.5901 60.981 7.97e-15 ***
## TCY 1 0.407 0.4070 42.058 1.04e-10 ***
## TTX 1 0.117 0.1174 12.136 0.000502 ***
## TTY 1 1.364 1.3639 140.954 < 2e-16 ***
## TBX 1 0.405 0.4052 41.875 1.14e-10 ***
## TBY 1 0.037 0.0373 3.858 0.049601 *
## hyoidX 1 0.006 0.0059 0.607 0.435905
## hyoidY 1 0.493 0.4931 50.962 1.18e-12 ***
## replication 1 0.037 0.0371 3.839 0.050177 .
## generation 1 0.994 0.9944 102.765 < 2e-16 ***
## VTRatio:vowel 4 9.100 2.2750 235.116 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowel 4 1.820 0.4550 47.019 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel:JA 4 0.777 0.1943 20.084 2.47e-16 ***
## vowel:LP 4 1.210 0.3024 31.251 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel:LD 4 0.397 0.0993 10.266 2.97e-08 ***
## vowel:TCX 4 5.183 1.2958 133.915 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel:TCY 4 0.260 0.0650 6.712 2.25e-05 ***
## vowel:TTX 4 0.995 0.2488 25.715 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel:TTY 4 0.183 0.0456 4.715 0.000858 ***
## vowel:TBX 4 0.180 0.0451 4.662 0.000944 ***
## vowel:TBY 4 0.414 0.1034 10.687 1.34e-08 ***
## vowel:hyoidX 4 0.189 0.0473 4.889 0.000627 ***
## vowel:hyoidY 4 0.255 0.0638 6.594 2.79e-05 ***
## Residuals 2928 28.332 0.0097
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = f1e.m0)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa 0.056413580 0.04091216 0.071915002 0.0000000
## ae-schwa 0.050095389 0.03459397 0.065596811 0.0000000
## i-schwa 0.025828249 0.01032683 0.041329671 0.0000553
## u-schwa 0.129513906 0.11401248 0.145015328 0.0000000
## ae-a -0.006318191 -0.02181961 0.009183231 0.8000321
## i-a -0.030585331 -0.04608675 -0.015083909 0.0000008
## u-a 0.073100326 0.05759890 0.088601748 0.0000000
## i-ae -0.024267140 -0.03976856 -0.008765718 0.0001932
## u-ae 0.079418517 0.06391709 0.094919939 0.0000000
## u-i 0.103685656 0.08818423 0.119187079 0.0000000##
## Call:
## lm(formula = F1.error ~ VTRatio + I(VTRatio^2) + vowel + JA +
## LP + LD + TCX + TCY + TTX + TTY + TBX + TBY + hyoidX + hyoidY +
## (VTRatio:vowel) + (I(VTRatio^2):vowel) + (JA:vowel) + (LP:vowel) +
## (LD:vowel) + (TCX:vowel) + (TCY:vowel) + (TTX:vowel) + (TTY:vowel) +
## (TBX:vowel) + (TBY:vowel) + (hyoidX:vowel) + (hyoidY:vowel) +
## replication + generation, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.52699 -0.02280 -0.00312 0.01594 2.09411
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 8.280e-01 1.130e+00 0.733 0.463759
## VTRatio -3.602e+00 4.105e+00 -0.877 0.380408
## I(VTRatio^2) 4.001e+00 4.141e+00 0.966 0.333955
## vowela 1.603e+00 1.467e+00 1.093 0.274698
## vowelae 7.255e+00 1.584e+00 4.579 4.86e-06 ***
## voweli 1.592e+00 1.427e+00 1.116 0.264581
## vowelu 6.268e+00 1.354e+00 4.628 3.84e-06 ***
## JA -2.292e-03 2.809e-03 -0.816 0.414495
## LP 1.476e-03 1.009e-02 0.146 0.883710
## LD 4.393e-04 4.819e-03 0.091 0.927372
## TCX 3.532e-03 1.775e-02 0.199 0.842271
## TCY -2.631e-03 1.121e-02 -0.235 0.814516
## TTX -2.072e-03 6.007e-03 -0.345 0.730230
## TTY -1.847e-03 5.423e-03 -0.341 0.733395
## TBX 3.152e-04 2.998e-03 0.105 0.916262
## TBY 9.597e-04 5.234e-03 0.183 0.854549
## hyoidX -9.548e-03 1.078e-02 -0.886 0.375945
## hyoidY 4.029e-03 3.196e-02 0.126 0.899681
## replication 7.903e-05 6.267e-05 1.261 0.207382
## generation -1.561e-04 2.121e-05 -7.361 2.36e-13 ***
## VTRatio:vowela -7.301e+00 5.349e+00 -1.365 0.172363
## VTRatio:vowelae -2.863e+01 5.789e+00 -4.946 8.02e-07 ***
## VTRatio:voweli -5.357e+00 5.315e+00 -1.008 0.313546
## VTRatio:vowelu -2.876e+01 4.857e+00 -5.922 3.55e-09 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowela 7.713e+00 5.490e+00 1.405 0.160105
## I(VTRatio^2):vowelae 2.876e+01 5.947e+00 4.836 1.39e-06 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):voweli 5.596e+00 5.464e+00 1.024 0.305862
## I(VTRatio^2):vowelu 3.519e+01 4.901e+00 7.180 8.79e-13 ***
## vowela:JA 8.298e-03 5.203e-03 1.595 0.110895
## vowelae:JA 4.407e-03 7.278e-03 0.606 0.544856
## voweli:JA 4.828e-03 4.357e-03 1.108 0.267921
## vowelu:JA 5.851e-03 3.550e-03 1.648 0.099418 .
## vowela:LP 2.845e-02 1.585e-02 1.795 0.072835 .
## vowelae:LP 8.311e-03 1.857e-02 0.447 0.654578
## voweli:LP -1.873e-03 1.365e-02 -0.137 0.890897
## vowelu:LP -1.037e-01 1.321e-02 -7.850 5.81e-15 ***
## vowela:LD -4.060e-03 7.657e-03 -0.530 0.596024
## vowelae:LD 8.854e-03 8.296e-03 1.067 0.285949
## voweli:LD -2.712e-04 6.329e-03 -0.043 0.965830
## vowelu:LD 3.558e-02 7.421e-03 4.794 1.72e-06 ***
## vowela:TCX 3.276e-03 5.370e-02 0.061 0.951356
## vowelae:TCX 1.379e-02 2.765e-02 0.499 0.617956
## voweli:TCX -1.578e-02 1.881e-02 -0.839 0.401459
## vowelu:TCX -3.674e-01 2.417e-02 -15.201 < 2e-16 ***
## vowela:TCY 3.661e-02 3.402e-02 1.076 0.282035
## vowelae:TCY 3.173e-02 2.243e-02 1.415 0.157258
## voweli:TCY -1.905e-02 1.912e-02 -0.996 0.319344
## vowelu:TCY 1.056e-01 1.808e-02 5.842 5.73e-09 ***
## vowela:TTX 9.985e-03 9.082e-03 1.099 0.271705
## vowelae:TTX -4.223e-03 8.767e-03 -0.482 0.630076
## voweli:TTX 1.586e-03 7.444e-03 0.213 0.831257
## vowelu:TTX 6.627e-02 8.456e-03 7.837 6.41e-15 ***
## vowela:TTY 4.718e-02 9.681e-03 4.873 1.16e-06 ***
## vowelae:TTY 3.178e-02 1.362e-02 2.333 0.019731 *
## voweli:TTY 1.274e-03 8.161e-03 0.156 0.875971
## vowelu:TTY -6.956e-03 7.247e-03 -0.960 0.337189
## vowela:TBX 4.157e-04 5.140e-03 0.081 0.935546
## vowelae:TBX -1.303e-02 8.185e-03 -1.592 0.111598
## voweli:TBX -8.674e-03 7.888e-03 -1.100 0.271553
## vowelu:TBX 6.771e-03 5.930e-03 1.142 0.253685
## vowela:TBY 6.228e-02 8.836e-03 7.048 2.25e-12 ***
## vowelae:TBY 3.118e-02 1.514e-02 2.060 0.039494 *
## voweli:TBY -2.266e-03 1.504e-02 -0.151 0.880251
## vowelu:TBY 3.194e-02 8.915e-03 3.582 0.000346 ***
## vowela:hyoidX 1.027e-01 2.156e-02 4.764 1.99e-06 ***
## vowelae:hyoidX 1.224e-02 2.043e-02 0.599 0.549116
## voweli:hyoidX 8.159e-03 1.788e-02 0.456 0.648247
## vowelu:hyoidX -9.199e-03 1.572e-02 -0.585 0.558435
## vowela:hyoidY -1.131e-01 4.648e-02 -2.433 0.015020 *
## vowelae:hyoidY 1.014e-02 5.129e-02 0.198 0.843277
## voweli:hyoidY 5.323e-02 4.595e-02 1.158 0.246782
## vowelu:hyoidY 1.124e-01 4.396e-02 2.556 0.010638 *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.09837 on 2928 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.5564, Adjusted R-squared: 0.5457
## F-statistic: 51.73 on 71 and 2928 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16F2
## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## VTRatio 1 104 104 6.194e+03 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2) 1 34 34 2.028e+03 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel 4 25849 6462 3.846e+05 < 2e-16 ***
## JA 1 1 1 6.363e+01 2.13e-15 ***
## LP 1 0 0 1.315e+01 0.000292 ***
## LD 1 0 0 1.160e+01 0.000669 ***
## TCX 1 14 14 8.529e+02 < 2e-16 ***
## TCY 1 15 15 8.940e+02 < 2e-16 ***
## TTX 1 2 2 9.240e+01 < 2e-16 ***
## TTY 1 2 2 1.054e+02 < 2e-16 ***
## TBX 1 0 0 4.973e+00 0.025814 *
## TBY 1 1 1 8.053e+01 < 2e-16 ***
## hyoidX 1 3 3 1.919e+02 < 2e-16 ***
## hyoidY 1 2 2 1.385e+02 < 2e-16 ***
## replication 1 0 0 8.900e-02 0.765604
## generation 1 1 1 5.340e+01 3.49e-13 ***
## VTRatio:vowel 4 26 7 3.883e+02 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowel 4 25 6 3.794e+02 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel:JA 4 1 0 1.667e+01 1.62e-13 ***
## vowel:LP 4 0 0 5.943e+00 9.23e-05 ***
## vowel:LD 4 1 0 1.400e+01 2.57e-11 ***
## vowel:TCX 4 3 1 4.377e+01 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel:TCY 4 3 1 4.619e+01 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel:TTX 4 0 0 1.424e+00 0.223314
## vowel:TTY 4 1 0 1.919e+01 1.34e-15 ***
## vowel:TBX 4 1 0 9.479e+00 1.30e-07 ***
## vowel:TBY 4 0 0 2.685e+00 0.029822 *
## vowel:hyoidX 4 1 0 1.186e+01 1.47e-09 ***
## vowel:hyoidY 4 2 0 2.333e+01 < 2e-16 ***
## Residuals 2928 49 0
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = f2.m0)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa -1.082595 -1.103023 -1.062167 0
## ae-schwa 2.376443 2.356015 2.396871 0
## i-schwa 4.193568 4.173140 4.213996 0
## u-schwa -4.346817 -4.367245 -4.326389 0
## ae-a 3.459038 3.438610 3.479466 0
## i-a 5.276163 5.255735 5.296591 0
## u-a -3.264222 -3.284650 -3.243794 0
## i-ae 1.817125 1.796698 1.837553 0
## u-ae -6.723259 -6.743687 -6.702832 0
## u-i -8.540385 -8.560813 -8.519957 0##
## Call:
## lm(formula = F2 ~ VTRatio + I(VTRatio^2) + vowel + JA + LP +
## LD + TCX + TCY + TTX + TTY + TBX + TBY + hyoidX + hyoidY +
## (VTRatio:vowel) + (I(VTRatio^2):vowel) + (JA:vowel) + (LP:vowel) +
## (LD:vowel) + (TCX:vowel) + (TCY:vowel) + (TTX:vowel) + (TTY:vowel) +
## (TBX:vowel) + (TBY:vowel) + (hyoidX:vowel) + (hyoidY:vowel) +
## replication + generation, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.74496 -0.04776 -0.00084 0.04773 1.26351
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 9.830e+00 1.489e+00 6.602 4.81e-11 ***
## VTRatio -3.992e-01 5.410e+00 -0.074 0.941177
## I(VTRatio^2) -3.161e-02 5.457e+00 -0.006 0.995379
## vowela -1.263e+00 1.933e+00 -0.653 0.513740
## vowelae -1.703e+01 2.088e+00 -8.156 5.08e-16 ***
## voweli -3.993e+01 1.881e+00 -21.231 < 2e-16 ***
## vowelu 6.479e-01 1.784e+00 0.363 0.716569
## JA -1.143e-03 3.702e-03 -0.309 0.757458
## LP 3.706e-03 1.330e-02 0.279 0.780550
## LD -2.460e-03 6.351e-03 -0.387 0.698539
## TCX 4.492e-02 2.339e-02 1.921 0.054856 .
## TCY -1.474e-02 1.478e-02 -0.998 0.318432
## TTX -5.801e-03 7.917e-03 -0.733 0.463738
## TTY 4.372e-03 7.147e-03 0.612 0.540739
## TBX 2.647e-03 3.951e-03 0.670 0.502987
## TBY 9.044e-03 6.898e-03 1.311 0.189921
## hyoidX -2.023e-02 1.421e-02 -1.423 0.154737
## hyoidY 3.201e-02 4.211e-02 0.760 0.447267
## replication 1.267e-04 8.259e-05 1.534 0.125055
## generation -6.425e-05 2.795e-05 -2.299 0.021599 *
## VTRatio:vowela 1.887e+00 7.049e+00 0.268 0.788991
## VTRatio:vowelae 7.401e+01 7.629e+00 9.701 < 2e-16 ***
## VTRatio:voweli 1.711e+02 7.004e+00 24.428 < 2e-16 ***
## VTRatio:vowelu -2.343e+01 6.400e+00 -3.661 0.000255 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowela -3.361e+00 7.234e+00 -0.465 0.642299
## I(VTRatio^2):vowelae -7.399e+01 7.838e+00 -9.441 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):voweli -1.693e+02 7.201e+00 -23.506 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowelu 2.826e+01 6.459e+00 4.375 1.26e-05 ***
## vowela:JA -2.411e-03 6.857e-03 -0.352 0.725186
## vowelae:JA -2.438e-03 9.590e-03 -0.254 0.799328
## voweli:JA -1.654e-02 5.742e-03 -2.881 0.003992 **
## vowelu:JA 1.912e-02 4.678e-03 4.088 4.48e-05 ***
## vowela:LP -3.017e-02 2.089e-02 -1.444 0.148787
## vowelae:LP 1.375e-02 2.448e-02 0.562 0.574382
## voweli:LP 7.469e-03 1.799e-02 0.415 0.678065
## vowelu:LP -8.180e-02 1.741e-02 -4.697 2.76e-06 ***
## vowela:LD 1.127e-02 1.009e-02 1.117 0.263962
## vowelae:LD -9.698e-03 1.093e-02 -0.887 0.375080
## voweli:LD 1.411e-02 8.340e-03 1.692 0.090816 .
## vowelu:LD 4.875e-02 9.780e-03 4.985 6.57e-07 ***
## vowela:TCX 1.497e-01 7.076e-02 2.115 0.034513 *
## vowelae:TCX -5.835e-03 3.644e-02 -0.160 0.872813
## voweli:TCX -1.531e-01 2.479e-02 -6.176 7.48e-10 ***
## vowelu:TCX 1.607e-01 3.185e-02 5.045 4.81e-07 ***
## vowela:TCY 1.609e-01 4.483e-02 3.590 0.000336 ***
## vowelae:TCY -5.879e-02 2.955e-02 -1.989 0.046780 *
## voweli:TCY 1.229e-01 2.520e-02 4.878 1.13e-06 ***
## vowelu:TCY -2.134e-01 2.383e-02 -8.956 < 2e-16 ***
## vowela:TTX 2.353e-02 1.197e-02 1.966 0.049358 *
## vowelae:TTX 4.610e-03 1.155e-02 0.399 0.689936
## voweli:TTX 1.529e-02 9.810e-03 1.559 0.119211
## vowelu:TTX 2.323e-02 1.114e-02 2.084 0.037230 *
## vowela:TTY 3.758e-02 1.276e-02 2.946 0.003245 **
## vowelae:TTY 1.875e-02 1.795e-02 1.044 0.296446
## voweli:TTY 2.140e-04 1.076e-02 0.020 0.984125
## vowelu:TTY -4.197e-02 9.550e-03 -4.394 1.15e-05 ***
## vowela:TBX 7.386e-04 6.773e-03 0.109 0.913167
## vowelae:TBX 1.951e-02 1.079e-02 1.809 0.070626 .
## voweli:TBX -3.856e-02 1.039e-02 -3.709 0.000212 ***
## vowelu:TBX 7.334e-03 7.815e-03 0.938 0.348097
## vowela:TBY 4.142e-02 1.164e-02 3.557 0.000380 ***
## vowelae:TBY 1.730e-02 1.995e-02 0.867 0.385863
## voweli:TBY 2.113e-02 1.982e-02 1.066 0.286559
## vowelu:TBY 3.316e-02 1.175e-02 2.823 0.004791 **
## vowela:hyoidX 1.322e-01 2.841e-02 4.654 3.41e-06 ***
## vowelae:hyoidX 2.515e-03 2.692e-02 0.093 0.925576
## voweli:hyoidX 1.694e-01 2.357e-02 7.190 8.19e-13 ***
## vowelu:hyoidX 7.940e-02 2.071e-02 3.833 0.000129 ***
## vowela:hyoidY -1.405e-01 6.125e-02 -2.295 0.021830 *
## vowelae:hyoidY -2.251e-01 6.760e-02 -3.330 0.000878 ***
## voweli:hyoidY -4.368e-01 6.056e-02 -7.213 6.91e-13 ***
## vowelu:hyoidY 9.087e-02 5.793e-02 1.569 0.116839
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.1296 on 2928 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.9981, Adjusted R-squared: 0.9981
## F-statistic: 2.187e+04 on 71 and 2928 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## VTRatio 1 17.07 17.066 523.315 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2) 1 20.72 20.718 635.290 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel 4 49.90 12.475 382.524 < 2e-16 ***
## JA 1 0.00 0.001 0.025 0.875542
## LP 1 2.72 2.721 83.447 < 2e-16 ***
## LD 1 1.62 1.615 49.535 2.42e-12 ***
## TCX 1 7.59 7.587 232.655 < 2e-16 ***
## TCY 1 5.71 5.705 174.949 < 2e-16 ***
## TTX 1 0.93 0.926 28.403 1.06e-07 ***
## TTY 1 0.93 0.934 28.647 9.35e-08 ***
## TBX 1 0.04 0.044 1.336 0.247897
## TBY 1 0.06 0.061 1.881 0.170274
## hyoidX 1 5.16 5.161 158.268 < 2e-16 ***
## hyoidY 1 1.65 1.652 50.671 1.37e-12 ***
## replication 1 0.00 0.000 0.014 0.904280
## generation 1 0.43 0.431 13.201 0.000285 ***
## VTRatio:vowel 4 65.51 16.377 502.195 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowel 4 38.09 9.521 291.963 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel:JA 4 0.71 0.177 5.438 0.000232 ***
## vowel:LP 4 0.25 0.063 1.946 0.100182
## vowel:LD 4 0.29 0.073 2.247 0.061671 .
## vowel:TCX 4 3.65 0.912 27.954 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel:TCY 4 4.59 1.147 35.168 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel:TTX 4 0.10 0.024 0.750 0.558167
## vowel:TTY 4 0.11 0.029 0.877 0.476582
## vowel:TBX 4 0.36 0.089 2.744 0.027024 *
## vowel:TBY 4 0.75 0.188 5.755 0.000130 ***
## vowel:hyoidX 4 2.37 0.594 18.202 8.82e-15 ***
## vowel:hyoidY 4 0.22 0.054 1.652 0.158490
## Residuals 2928 95.49 0.033
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = f2e.m0)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa 0.01425305 -0.014204901 0.04271100 0.6489137
## ae-schwa 0.05080314 0.022345184 0.07926109 0.0000115
## i-schwa 0.35122277 0.322764814 0.37968072 0.0000000
## u-schwa 0.08446132 0.056003367 0.11291927 0.0000000
## ae-a 0.03655009 0.008092134 0.06500804 0.0042182
## i-a 0.33696972 0.308511763 0.36542767 0.0000000
## u-a 0.07020827 0.041750317 0.09866622 0.0000000
## i-ae 0.30041963 0.271961678 0.32887758 0.0000000
## u-ae 0.03365818 0.005200231 0.06211613 0.0110305
## u-i -0.26676145 -0.295219399 -0.23830349 0.0000000##
## Call:
## lm(formula = F2.error ~ VTRatio + I(VTRatio^2) + vowel + JA +
## LP + LD + TCX + TCY + TTX + TTY + TBX + TBY + hyoidX + hyoidY +
## (VTRatio:vowel) + (I(VTRatio^2):vowel) + (JA:vowel) + (LP:vowel) +
## (LD:vowel) + (TCX:vowel) + (TCY:vowel) + (TTX:vowel) + (TTY:vowel) +
## (TBX:vowel) + (TBY:vowel) + (hyoidX:vowel) + (hyoidY:vowel) +
## replication + generation, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.5851 -0.0335 -0.0038 0.0225 3.9945
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 1.044e+00 2.074e+00 0.503 0.614707
## VTRatio -4.518e+00 7.537e+00 -0.600 0.548864
## I(VTRatio^2) 5.020e+00 7.602e+00 0.660 0.509059
## vowela -4.585e-01 2.693e+00 -0.170 0.864829
## vowelae 8.376e+00 2.908e+00 2.880 0.004009 **
## voweli 6.186e+01 2.620e+00 23.609 < 2e-16 ***
## vowelu 5.147e+00 2.486e+00 2.071 0.038481 *
## JA -3.500e-03 5.157e-03 -0.679 0.497387
## LP 4.446e-03 1.853e-02 0.240 0.810377
## LD 1.009e-05 8.847e-03 0.001 0.999090
## TCX 4.056e-03 3.258e-02 0.124 0.900933
## TCY -2.657e-03 2.058e-02 -0.129 0.897318
## TTX -4.101e-03 1.103e-02 -0.372 0.710059
## TTY -2.424e-03 9.956e-03 -0.243 0.807643
## TBX 4.884e-04 5.504e-03 0.089 0.929295
## TBY 6.662e-04 9.609e-03 0.069 0.944736
## hyoidX -1.840e-02 1.979e-02 -0.930 0.352567
## hyoidY 1.173e-03 5.867e-02 0.020 0.984044
## replication -1.504e-04 1.151e-04 -1.308 0.191075
## generation -2.721e-04 3.894e-05 -6.988 3.44e-12 ***
## VTRatio:vowela 2.212e+00 9.820e+00 0.225 0.821758
## VTRatio:vowelae -3.199e+01 1.063e+01 -3.010 0.002632 **
## VTRatio:voweli -2.568e+02 9.758e+00 -26.318 < 2e-16 ***
## VTRatio:vowelu -2.251e+01 8.916e+00 -2.525 0.011631 *
## I(VTRatio^2):vowela -2.536e+00 1.008e+01 -0.252 0.801317
## I(VTRatio^2):vowelae 3.217e+01 1.092e+01 2.947 0.003239 **
## I(VTRatio^2):voweli 2.657e+02 1.003e+01 26.491 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowelu 2.592e+01 8.998e+00 2.881 0.003993 **
## vowela:JA -2.266e-03 9.553e-03 -0.237 0.812489
## vowelae:JA -1.321e-03 1.336e-02 -0.099 0.921251
## voweli:JA 2.040e-02 7.999e-03 2.550 0.010810 *
## vowelu:JA 9.852e-03 6.517e-03 1.512 0.130704
## vowela:LP -1.395e-02 2.910e-02 -0.479 0.631701
## vowelae:LP -2.143e-02 3.410e-02 -0.628 0.529767
## voweli:LP -4.303e-02 2.506e-02 -1.717 0.086121 .
## vowelu:LP -7.240e-02 2.426e-02 -2.984 0.002864 **
## vowela:LD 3.283e-03 1.406e-02 0.234 0.815324
## vowelae:LD 8.153e-03 1.523e-02 0.535 0.592464
## voweli:LD 3.919e-03 1.162e-02 0.337 0.735945
## vowelu:LD 1.682e-02 1.362e-02 1.235 0.217030
## vowela:TCX 3.316e-02 9.858e-02 0.336 0.736636
## vowelae:TCX -3.338e-02 5.077e-02 -0.658 0.510880
## voweli:TCX 1.842e-01 3.453e-02 5.334 1.04e-07 ***
## vowelu:TCX 1.546e-01 4.438e-02 3.483 0.000503 ***
## vowela:TCY 2.512e-02 6.246e-02 0.402 0.687598
## vowelae:TCY 3.074e-02 4.117e-02 0.747 0.455353
## voweli:TCY 1.547e-01 3.511e-02 4.408 1.08e-05 ***
## vowelu:TCY -2.541e-01 3.320e-02 -7.652 2.66e-14 ***
## vowela:TTX 2.739e-03 1.667e-02 0.164 0.869520
## vowelae:TTX -2.010e-03 1.610e-02 -0.125 0.900606
## voweli:TTX 3.018e-03 1.367e-02 0.221 0.825223
## vowelu:TTX -8.708e-03 1.552e-02 -0.561 0.574908
## vowela:TTY 1.156e-02 1.777e-02 0.650 0.515489
## vowelae:TTY -1.757e-02 2.501e-02 -0.703 0.482293
## voweli:TTY 1.309e-02 1.498e-02 0.873 0.382542
## vowelu:TTY -7.400e-03 1.330e-02 -0.556 0.578106
## vowela:TBX -3.451e-04 9.435e-03 -0.037 0.970823
## vowelae:TBX -1.125e-02 1.503e-02 -0.748 0.454312
## voweli:TBX 5.803e-02 1.448e-02 4.007 6.30e-05 ***
## vowelu:TBX 1.733e-02 1.089e-02 1.592 0.111446
## vowela:TBY 8.136e-03 1.622e-02 0.502 0.615992
## vowelae:TBY -1.493e-02 2.779e-02 -0.537 0.591016
## voweli:TBY 1.211e-01 2.761e-02 4.385 1.20e-05 ***
## vowelu:TBY 3.384e-02 1.637e-02 2.068 0.038737 *
## vowela:hyoidX 6.197e-03 3.958e-02 0.157 0.875589
## vowelae:hyoidX -3.994e-03 3.751e-02 -0.106 0.915200
## voweli:hyoidX -2.088e-01 3.283e-02 -6.361 2.31e-10 ***
## vowelu:hyoidX 7.553e-02 2.886e-02 2.618 0.008903 **
## vowela:hyoidY -1.541e-02 8.532e-02 -0.181 0.856638
## vowelae:hyoidY 1.049e-01 9.417e-02 1.114 0.265354
## voweli:hyoidY 1.742e-01 8.436e-02 2.065 0.038967 *
## vowelu:hyoidY 8.771e-02 8.070e-02 1.087 0.277190
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.1806 on 2928 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.708, Adjusted R-squared: 0.7009
## F-statistic: 99.99 on 71 and 2928 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16F3
## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## VTRatio 1 175.1 175.08 2375.113 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2) 1 94.4 94.37 1280.151 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel 4 407.0 101.75 1380.313 < 2e-16 ***
## JA 1 0.4 0.41 5.499 0.019096 *
## LP 1 0.1 0.15 1.973 0.160205
## LD 1 0.5 0.46 6.192 0.012892 *
## TCX 1 20.3 20.31 275.553 < 2e-16 ***
## TCY 1 0.4 0.42 5.663 0.017386 *
## TTX 1 0.2 0.24 3.218 0.072916 .
## TTY 1 0.4 0.35 4.791 0.028680 *
## TBX 1 4.3 4.32 58.542 2.68e-14 ***
## TBY 1 0.0 0.00 0.036 0.850276
## hyoidX 1 0.3 0.28 3.842 0.050079 .
## hyoidY 1 16.0 16.00 217.061 < 2e-16 ***
## replication 1 0.0 0.02 0.310 0.577679
## generation 1 1.0 1.02 13.814 0.000206 ***
## VTRatio:vowel 4 13.2 3.29 44.668 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowel 4 29.6 7.40 100.346 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel:JA 4 2.7 0.68 9.213 2.14e-07 ***
## vowel:LP 4 1.0 0.25 3.436 0.008261 **
## vowel:LD 4 1.6 0.40 5.438 0.000232 ***
## vowel:TCX 4 1.7 0.43 5.775 0.000126 ***
## vowel:TCY 4 22.3 5.57 75.497 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel:TTX 4 0.1 0.03 0.459 0.765996
## vowel:TTY 4 2.7 0.67 9.081 2.74e-07 ***
## vowel:TBX 4 0.4 0.09 1.237 0.292984
## vowel:TBY 4 1.7 0.44 5.929 9.48e-05 ***
## vowel:hyoidX 4 3.0 0.74 10.101 4.05e-08 ***
## vowel:hyoidY 4 10.5 2.64 35.767 < 2e-16 ***
## Residuals 2928 215.8 0.07
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = f3.m0)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa 0.3696720 0.32688632 0.4124578 0
## ae-schwa 0.1057591 0.06297336 0.1485448 0
## i-schwa 1.0513291 1.00854338 1.0941148 0
## u-schwa 0.4783480 0.43556226 0.5211337 0
## ae-a -0.2639130 -0.30669869 -0.2211272 0
## i-a 0.6816571 0.63887134 0.7244428 0
## u-a 0.1086759 0.06589021 0.1514617 0
## i-ae 0.9455700 0.90278430 0.9883557 0
## u-ae 0.3725889 0.32980317 0.4153746 0
## u-i -0.5729811 -0.61576685 -0.5301954 0##
## Call:
## lm(formula = F3 ~ VTRatio + I(VTRatio^2) + vowel + JA + LP +
## LD + TCX + TCY + TTX + TTY + TBX + TBY + hyoidX + hyoidY +
## (VTRatio:vowel) + (I(VTRatio^2):vowel) + (JA:vowel) + (LP:vowel) +
## (LD:vowel) + (TCX:vowel) + (TCY:vowel) + (TTX:vowel) + (TTY:vowel) +
## (TBX:vowel) + (TBY:vowel) + (hyoidX:vowel) + (hyoidY:vowel) +
## replication + generation, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -1.54411 -0.11100 -0.00309 0.09924 1.60499
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -2.179e+01 3.119e+00 -6.986 3.50e-12 ***
## VTRatio 1.485e+02 1.133e+01 13.106 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2) -1.542e+02 1.143e+01 -13.496 < 2e-16 ***
## vowela -2.085e+01 4.049e+00 -5.149 2.79e-07 ***
## vowelae 2.766e-01 4.373e+00 0.063 0.949573
## voweli -6.113e+00 3.939e+00 -1.552 0.120773
## vowelu 4.957e+00 3.738e+00 1.326 0.184818
## JA -2.299e-03 7.753e-03 -0.297 0.766813
## LP -1.988e-02 2.785e-02 -0.714 0.475459
## LD 8.422e-03 1.330e-02 0.633 0.526642
## TCX -2.232e-01 4.898e-02 -4.556 5.42e-06 ***
## TCY -6.433e-02 3.095e-02 -2.079 0.037746 *
## TTX 1.559e-02 1.658e-02 0.940 0.347112
## TTY 1.185e-02 1.497e-02 0.792 0.428469
## TBX 2.954e-02 8.275e-03 3.570 0.000363 ***
## TBY 2.621e-02 1.445e-02 1.814 0.069809 .
## hyoidX -3.724e-02 2.976e-02 -1.251 0.210953
## hyoidY -1.102e-01 8.821e-02 -1.249 0.211663
## replication 7.241e-05 1.730e-04 0.419 0.675519
## generation -8.469e-05 5.855e-05 -1.447 0.148133
## VTRatio:vowela 6.778e+01 1.476e+01 4.591 4.60e-06 ***
## VTRatio:vowelae -2.685e-01 1.598e+01 -0.017 0.986592
## VTRatio:voweli 2.176e+01 1.467e+01 1.483 0.138146
## VTRatio:vowelu -5.831e+01 1.341e+01 -4.350 1.41e-05 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowela -5.906e+01 1.515e+01 -3.898 9.92e-05 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowelae 2.333e-01 1.642e+01 0.014 0.988660
## I(VTRatio^2):voweli -2.024e+01 1.508e+01 -1.342 0.179713
## I(VTRatio^2):vowelu 8.146e+01 1.353e+01 6.021 1.94e-09 ***
## vowela:JA 8.435e-03 1.436e-02 0.587 0.557015
## vowelae:JA 1.934e-02 2.009e-02 0.963 0.335651
## voweli:JA -3.224e-02 1.203e-02 -2.680 0.007396 **
## vowelu:JA -1.912e-02 9.798e-03 -1.951 0.051146 .
## vowela:LP -3.733e-03 4.376e-02 -0.085 0.932020
## vowelae:LP 8.523e-02 5.127e-02 1.662 0.096543 .
## voweli:LP 4.233e-02 3.768e-02 1.123 0.261404
## vowelu:LP 9.903e-02 3.647e-02 2.715 0.006662 **
## vowela:LD -1.275e-02 2.113e-02 -0.603 0.546480
## vowelae:LD -2.364e-02 2.290e-02 -1.032 0.301987
## voweli:LD 1.488e-03 1.747e-02 0.085 0.932129
## vowelu:LD -6.237e-02 2.048e-02 -3.045 0.002349 **
## vowela:TCX -9.042e-01 1.482e-01 -6.101 1.19e-09 ***
## vowelae:TCX -1.565e-02 7.633e-02 -0.205 0.837550
## voweli:TCX 7.645e-02 5.192e-02 1.473 0.140990
## vowelu:TCX -3.307e-01 6.672e-02 -4.957 7.58e-07 ***
## vowela:TCY -5.402e-01 9.390e-02 -5.753 9.70e-09 ***
## vowelae:TCY -1.009e-01 6.190e-02 -1.630 0.103303
## voweli:TCY -2.144e-01 5.278e-02 -4.061 5.01e-05 ***
## vowelu:TCY 4.948e-01 4.991e-02 9.912 < 2e-16 ***
## vowela:TTX 1.850e-02 2.507e-02 0.738 0.460685
## vowelae:TTX -2.327e-02 2.420e-02 -0.962 0.336357
## voweli:TTX -1.223e-02 2.055e-02 -0.595 0.551703
## vowelu:TTX -2.249e-02 2.334e-02 -0.964 0.335287
## vowela:TTY -1.303e-01 2.672e-02 -4.876 1.14e-06 ***
## vowelae:TTY -6.985e-02 3.760e-02 -1.858 0.063307 .
## voweli:TTY -1.698e-02 2.253e-02 -0.754 0.451052
## vowelu:TTY 4.401e-02 2.000e-02 2.200 0.027888 *
## vowela:TBX -1.836e-02 1.419e-02 -1.294 0.195660
## vowelae:TBX -3.893e-02 2.259e-02 -1.723 0.084994 .
## voweli:TBX -3.004e-02 2.177e-02 -1.380 0.167695
## vowelu:TBX 3.125e-02 1.637e-02 1.909 0.056303 .
## vowela:TBY -8.925e-02 2.439e-02 -3.660 0.000257 ***
## vowelae:TBY -1.682e-01 4.178e-02 -4.027 5.80e-05 ***
## voweli:TBY -1.599e-01 4.152e-02 -3.851 0.000120 ***
## vowelu:TBY -3.248e-02 2.461e-02 -1.320 0.186975
## vowela:hyoidX -2.938e-01 5.951e-02 -4.937 8.37e-07 ***
## vowelae:hyoidX -1.133e-01 5.639e-02 -2.009 0.044620 *
## voweli:hyoidX 1.184e-01 4.936e-02 2.400 0.016474 *
## vowelu:hyoidX -2.760e-02 4.338e-02 -0.636 0.524753
## vowela:hyoidY -5.501e-02 1.283e-01 -0.429 0.668071
## vowelae:hyoidY -1.664e-02 1.416e-01 -0.118 0.906454
## voweli:hyoidY -4.235e-01 1.268e-01 -3.339 0.000851 ***
## vowelu:hyoidY -1.219e+00 1.213e-01 -10.050 < 2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.2715 on 2928 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.7898, Adjusted R-squared: 0.7847
## F-statistic: 154.9 on 71 and 2928 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## VTRatio 1 316.6 316.6 2686.638 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2) 1 215.3 215.3 1827.398 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel 4 64.4 16.1 136.621 < 2e-16 ***
## JA 1 12.8 12.8 108.808 < 2e-16 ***
## LP 1 0.2 0.2 1.353 0.244866
## LD 1 2.2 2.2 18.688 1.59e-05 ***
## TCX 1 39.5 39.5 334.969 < 2e-16 ***
## TCY 1 0.2 0.2 1.424 0.232868
## TTX 1 3.0 3.0 25.382 4.99e-07 ***
## TTY 1 14.7 14.7 124.838 < 2e-16 ***
## TBX 1 8.6 8.6 73.406 < 2e-16 ***
## TBY 1 3.7 3.7 31.637 2.03e-08 ***
## hyoidX 1 0.0 0.0 0.214 0.643713
## hyoidY 1 1.0 1.0 8.451 0.003675 **
## replication 1 0.0 0.0 0.059 0.808846
## generation 1 1.7 1.7 14.202 0.000167 ***
## VTRatio:vowel 4 76.2 19.0 161.608 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowel 4 27.7 6.9 58.786 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel:JA 4 4.0 1.0 8.485 8.36e-07 ***
## vowel:LP 4 4.3 1.1 9.229 2.08e-07 ***
## vowel:LD 4 3.3 0.8 7.088 1.12e-05 ***
## vowel:TCX 4 7.9 2.0 16.762 1.36e-13 ***
## vowel:TCY 4 20.3 5.1 42.984 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel:TTX 4 1.3 0.3 2.773 0.025739 *
## vowel:TTY 4 17.8 4.5 37.841 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel:TBX 4 0.9 0.2 2.002 0.091556 .
## vowel:TBY 4 1.3 0.3 2.730 0.027659 *
## vowel:hyoidX 4 4.8 1.2 10.245 3.09e-08 ***
## vowel:hyoidY 4 4.6 1.1 9.659 9.28e-08 ***
## Residuals 2928 345.0 0.1
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = f3e.m0)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa 0.261057929 0.20696287 0.31515299 0.0000000
## ae-schwa 0.073818843 0.01972379 0.12791390 0.0018619
## i-schwa -0.009728477 -0.06382354 0.04436658 0.9882271
## u-schwa 0.355169026 0.30107397 0.40926408 0.0000000
## ae-a -0.187239086 -0.24133414 -0.13314403 0.0000000
## i-a -0.270786406 -0.32488146 -0.21669135 0.0000000
## u-a 0.094111097 0.04001604 0.14820616 0.0000212
## i-ae -0.083547321 -0.13764238 -0.02945226 0.0002484
## u-ae 0.281350183 0.22725512 0.33544524 0.0000000
## u-i 0.364897504 0.31080245 0.41899256 0.0000000##
## Call:
## lm(formula = F3.error ~ VTRatio + I(VTRatio^2) + vowel + JA +
## LP + LD + TCX + TCY + TTX + TTY + TBX + TBY + hyoidX + hyoidY +
## (VTRatio:vowel) + (I(VTRatio^2):vowel) + (JA:vowel) + (LP:vowel) +
## (LD:vowel) + (TCX:vowel) + (TCY:vowel) + (TTX:vowel) + (TTY:vowel) +
## (TBX:vowel) + (TBY:vowel) + (hyoidX:vowel) + (hyoidY:vowel) +
## replication + generation, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -1.76486 -0.12280 -0.00143 0.11852 2.46934
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 3.266e+01 3.943e+00 8.284 < 2e-16 ***
## VTRatio -1.406e+02 1.433e+01 -9.816 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2) 1.494e+02 1.445e+01 10.337 < 2e-16 ***
## vowela 4.957e+01 5.120e+00 9.682 < 2e-16 ***
## vowelae 2.314e+00 5.529e+00 0.419 0.675561
## voweli 2.458e+00 4.980e+00 0.493 0.621711
## vowelu 2.151e+01 4.725e+00 4.552 5.52e-06 ***
## JA 6.457e-03 9.802e-03 0.659 0.510129
## LP 1.726e-02 3.522e-02 0.490 0.624134
## LD -5.772e-03 1.682e-02 -0.343 0.731458
## TCX 2.360e-01 6.193e-02 3.811 0.000141 ***
## TCY 1.023e-01 3.913e-02 2.614 0.009004 **
## TTX -7.663e-04 2.096e-02 -0.037 0.970844
## TTY -6.599e-03 1.893e-02 -0.349 0.727362
## TBX -2.816e-02 1.046e-02 -2.692 0.007147 **
## TBY -3.217e-02 1.827e-02 -1.761 0.078276 .
## hyoidX 8.252e-02 3.763e-02 2.193 0.028388 *
## hyoidY -1.490e-01 1.115e-01 -1.336 0.181623
## replication -3.934e-05 2.187e-04 -0.180 0.857265
## generation -4.947e-05 7.402e-05 -0.668 0.503995
## VTRatio:vowela -1.712e+02 1.867e+01 -9.170 < 2e-16 ***
## VTRatio:vowelae 1.652e+00 2.020e+01 0.082 0.934837
## VTRatio:voweli -6.445e+00 1.855e+01 -0.347 0.728250
## VTRatio:vowelu -6.843e+01 1.695e+01 -4.037 5.54e-05 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowela 1.587e+02 1.916e+01 8.283 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowelae -6.770e+00 2.075e+01 -0.326 0.744309
## I(VTRatio^2):voweli 4.877e+00 1.907e+01 0.256 0.798149
## I(VTRatio^2):vowelu 6.079e+01 1.710e+01 3.554 0.000385 ***
## vowela:JA 6.159e-03 1.816e-02 0.339 0.734491
## vowelae:JA 1.585e-02 2.540e-02 0.624 0.532647
## voweli:JA 2.303e-02 1.521e-02 1.514 0.130052
## vowelu:JA 3.250e-02 1.239e-02 2.623 0.008755 **
## vowela:LP -1.727e-02 5.532e-02 -0.312 0.754938
## vowelae:LP -3.574e-02 6.482e-02 -0.551 0.581445
## voweli:LP -7.998e-02 4.764e-02 -1.679 0.093321 .
## vowelu:LP -2.386e-01 4.611e-02 -5.174 2.45e-07 ***
## vowela:LD 3.773e-02 2.672e-02 1.412 0.158040
## vowelae:LD 2.279e-02 2.895e-02 0.787 0.431256
## voweli:LD 9.309e-03 2.209e-02 0.421 0.673440
## vowelu:LD 9.655e-02 2.590e-02 3.728 0.000196 ***
## vowela:TCX 2.492e+00 1.874e-01 13.299 < 2e-16 ***
## vowelae:TCX -1.974e-01 9.651e-02 -2.046 0.040852 *
## voweli:TCX -4.775e-02 6.564e-02 -0.727 0.467016
## vowelu:TCX 3.832e-01 8.435e-02 4.543 5.77e-06 ***
## vowela:TCY 1.318e+00 1.187e-01 11.099 < 2e-16 ***
## vowelae:TCY 1.165e-02 7.826e-02 0.149 0.881657
## voweli:TCY 9.497e-02 6.673e-02 1.423 0.154787
## vowelu:TCY -2.421e-01 6.311e-02 -3.837 0.000127 ***
## vowela:TTX -7.080e-02 3.169e-02 -2.234 0.025559 *
## vowelae:TTX -3.451e-02 3.060e-02 -1.128 0.259398
## voweli:TTX 2.277e-03 2.598e-02 0.088 0.930165
## vowelu:TTX 6.823e-02 2.951e-02 2.312 0.020842 *
## vowela:TTY 2.095e-01 3.378e-02 6.202 6.36e-10 ***
## vowelae:TTY 1.447e-02 4.754e-02 0.304 0.760799
## voweli:TTY 1.638e-03 2.848e-02 0.057 0.954151
## vowelu:TTY -1.918e-01 2.529e-02 -7.585 4.44e-14 ***
## vowela:TBX 5.835e-03 1.794e-02 0.325 0.744940
## vowelae:TBX 1.225e-02 2.856e-02 0.429 0.668161
## voweli:TBX 3.495e-02 2.752e-02 1.270 0.204228
## vowelu:TBX -5.482e-02 2.070e-02 -2.649 0.008121 **
## vowela:TBY 5.099e-02 3.083e-02 1.654 0.098282 .
## vowelae:TBY 4.703e-02 5.282e-02 0.890 0.373372
## voweli:TBY 1.531e-01 5.249e-02 2.917 0.003558 **
## vowelu:TBY -6.498e-03 3.111e-02 -0.209 0.834562
## vowela:hyoidX 3.923e-01 7.523e-02 5.214 1.97e-07 ***
## vowelae:hyoidX 2.903e-02 7.130e-02 0.407 0.683904
## voweli:hyoidX -1.800e-01 6.240e-02 -2.885 0.003949 **
## vowelu:hyoidX 5.923e-03 5.485e-02 0.108 0.914022
## vowela:hyoidY -2.529e-01 1.622e-01 -1.559 0.119032
## vowelae:hyoidY 3.215e-01 1.790e-01 1.796 0.072538 .
## voweli:hyoidY 2.921e-01 1.604e-01 1.821 0.068651 .
## vowelu:hyoidY 6.628e-01 1.534e-01 4.321 1.61e-05 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.3433 on 2928 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.7133, Adjusted R-squared: 0.7063
## F-statistic: 102.6 on 71 and 2928 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16F4
## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## VTRatio 1 57.27 57.27 1143.502 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2) 1 0.80 0.80 15.881 6.91e-05 ***
## vowel 4 165.33 41.33 825.253 < 2e-16 ***
## JA 1 0.18 0.18 3.655 0.056009 .
## LP 1 1.69 1.69 33.699 7.12e-09 ***
## LD 1 0.61 0.61 12.170 0.000493 ***
## TCX 1 4.25 4.25 84.955 < 2e-16 ***
## TCY 1 0.04 0.04 0.722 0.395422
## TTX 1 1.94 1.94 38.774 5.44e-10 ***
## TTY 1 17.62 17.62 351.914 < 2e-16 ***
## TBX 1 0.46 0.46 9.269 0.002351 **
## TBY 1 0.54 0.54 10.870 0.000989 ***
## hyoidX 1 0.07 0.07 1.385 0.239395
## hyoidY 1 13.55 13.55 270.575 < 2e-16 ***
## replication 1 0.04 0.04 0.816 0.366486
## generation 1 2.67 2.67 53.270 3.73e-13 ***
## VTRatio:vowel 4 10.25 2.56 51.162 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowel 4 19.42 4.85 96.914 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel:JA 4 2.45 0.61 12.221 7.44e-10 ***
## vowel:LP 4 2.48 0.62 12.390 5.41e-10 ***
## vowel:LD 4 0.82 0.20 4.086 0.002635 **
## vowel:TCX 4 11.06 2.77 55.228 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel:TCY 4 9.20 2.30 45.917 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel:TTX 4 0.86 0.22 4.300 0.001802 **
## vowel:TTY 4 2.14 0.53 10.670 1.39e-08 ***
## vowel:TBX 4 0.06 0.01 0.285 0.887820
## vowel:TBY 4 0.34 0.08 1.688 0.149898
## vowel:hyoidX 4 9.41 2.35 46.986 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel:hyoidY 4 5.75 1.44 28.715 < 2e-16 ***
## Residuals 2928 146.64 0.05
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = f4.m0)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa -0.18780768 -0.22307437 -0.152540987 0.0000000
## ae-schwa 0.02453996 -0.01072673 0.059806653 0.3178526
## i-schwa 0.50724987 0.47198318 0.542516559 0.0000000
## u-schwa -0.03593817 -0.07120486 -0.000671475 0.0432930
## ae-a 0.21234764 0.17708095 0.247614331 0.0000000
## i-a 0.69505755 0.65979085 0.730324237 0.0000000
## u-a 0.15186951 0.11660282 0.187136203 0.0000000
## i-ae 0.48270991 0.44744322 0.517976598 0.0000000
## u-ae -0.06047813 -0.09574482 -0.025211436 0.0000294
## u-i -0.54318803 -0.57845473 -0.507921343 0.0000000##
## Call:
## lm(formula = F4 ~ VTRatio + I(VTRatio^2) + vowel + JA + LP +
## LD + TCX + TCY + TTX + TTY + TBX + TBY + hyoidX + hyoidY +
## (VTRatio:vowel) + (I(VTRatio^2):vowel) + (JA:vowel) + (LP:vowel) +
## (LD:vowel) + (TCX:vowel) + (TCY:vowel) + (TTX:vowel) + (TTY:vowel) +
## (TBX:vowel) + (TBY:vowel) + (hyoidX:vowel) + (hyoidY:vowel) +
## replication + generation, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -1.00045 -0.09732 -0.00753 0.08541 1.67701
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -9.029e-01 2.571e+00 -0.351 0.725441
## VTRatio 6.137e+01 9.340e+00 6.571 5.91e-11 ***
## I(VTRatio^2) -6.053e+01 9.421e+00 -6.426 1.53e-10 ***
## vowela -1.336e+01 3.338e+00 -4.003 6.42e-05 ***
## vowelae -1.329e+00 3.604e+00 -0.369 0.712271
## voweli 1.123e+01 3.247e+00 3.459 0.000551 ***
## vowelu 2.121e+01 3.081e+00 6.886 7.01e-12 ***
## JA 4.581e-03 6.390e-03 0.717 0.473541
## LP 2.974e-02 2.296e-02 1.295 0.195271
## LD -1.829e-02 1.096e-02 -1.668 0.095401 .
## TCX 1.057e-01 4.037e-02 2.619 0.008874 **
## TCY -7.770e-02 2.551e-02 -3.046 0.002338 **
## TTX -5.119e-02 1.367e-02 -3.745 0.000184 ***
## TTY -1.970e-02 1.234e-02 -1.597 0.110448
## TBX 1.828e-02 6.821e-03 2.679 0.007415 **
## TBY 4.203e-02 1.191e-02 3.530 0.000422 ***
## hyoidX 2.719e-02 2.453e-02 1.108 0.267779
## hyoidY -3.965e-01 7.270e-02 -5.454 5.33e-08 ***
## replication 2.677e-05 1.426e-04 0.188 0.851074
## generation -6.110e-05 4.826e-05 -1.266 0.205596
## VTRatio:vowela 5.204e+01 1.217e+01 4.276 1.96e-05 ***
## VTRatio:vowelae 3.867e+00 1.317e+01 0.294 0.769083
## VTRatio:voweli -4.305e+01 1.209e+01 -3.560 0.000377 ***
## VTRatio:vowelu -1.047e+02 1.105e+01 -9.476 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowela -5.469e+01 1.249e+01 -4.379 1.23e-05 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowelae -2.113e-01 1.353e+01 -0.016 0.987543
## I(VTRatio^2):voweli 4.515e+01 1.243e+01 3.632 0.000286 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowelu 1.224e+02 1.115e+01 10.975 < 2e-16 ***
## vowela:JA 1.458e-03 1.184e-02 0.123 0.901962
## vowelae:JA -1.755e-02 1.656e-02 -1.060 0.289282
## voweli:JA -3.957e-02 9.913e-03 -3.991 6.73e-05 ***
## vowelu:JA -2.589e-03 8.076e-03 -0.321 0.748592
## vowela:LP -1.164e-02 3.607e-02 -0.323 0.746932
## vowelae:LP -5.536e-02 4.226e-02 -1.310 0.190281
## voweli:LP -4.144e-02 3.106e-02 -1.334 0.182299
## vowelu:LP -1.582e-01 3.006e-02 -5.263 1.52e-07 ***
## vowela:LD 2.966e-02 1.742e-02 1.703 0.088730 .
## vowelae:LD 2.151e-02 1.887e-02 1.140 0.254461
## voweli:LD 6.254e-02 1.440e-02 4.344 1.45e-05 ***
## vowelu:LD 2.618e-02 1.688e-02 1.551 0.121042
## vowela:TCX 9.317e-01 1.222e-01 7.627 3.23e-14 ***
## vowelae:TCX -6.411e-02 6.292e-02 -1.019 0.308275
## voweli:TCX -1.229e-01 4.279e-02 -2.873 0.004096 **
## vowelu:TCX -5.532e-01 5.499e-02 -10.060 < 2e-16 ***
## vowela:TCY 7.150e-01 7.740e-02 9.238 < 2e-16 ***
## vowelae:TCY 7.622e-02 5.102e-02 1.494 0.135297
## voweli:TCY 4.483e-02 4.350e-02 1.030 0.302899
## vowelu:TCY 4.823e-01 4.114e-02 11.723 < 2e-16 ***
## vowela:TTX 5.206e-02 2.066e-02 2.519 0.011807 *
## vowelae:TTX 4.153e-02 1.995e-02 2.082 0.037436 *
## voweli:TTX 4.224e-02 1.694e-02 2.494 0.012689 *
## vowelu:TTX 2.810e-02 1.924e-02 1.461 0.144239
## vowela:TTY 7.180e-02 2.203e-02 3.260 0.001127 **
## vowelae:TTY 5.709e-02 3.099e-02 1.842 0.065566 .
## voweli:TTY -8.636e-03 1.857e-02 -0.465 0.641896
## vowelu:TTY -8.914e-02 1.649e-02 -5.407 6.94e-08 ***
## vowela:TBX 2.669e-02 1.169e-02 2.283 0.022512 *
## vowelae:TBX -4.573e-03 1.862e-02 -0.246 0.806052
## voweli:TBX 1.651e-03 1.794e-02 0.092 0.926689
## vowelu:TBX -8.421e-03 1.349e-02 -0.624 0.532567
## vowela:TBY 4.327e-02 2.010e-02 2.152 0.031440 *
## vowelae:TBY -3.375e-02 3.444e-02 -0.980 0.327195
## voweli:TBY -9.226e-03 3.422e-02 -0.270 0.787494
## vowelu:TBY -4.560e-02 2.028e-02 -2.248 0.024628 *
## vowela:hyoidX 4.786e-01 4.905e-02 9.757 < 2e-16 ***
## vowelae:hyoidX 9.779e-02 4.648e-02 2.104 0.035485 *
## voweli:hyoidX -3.366e-01 4.068e-02 -8.274 < 2e-16 ***
## vowelu:hyoidX -8.931e-02 3.576e-02 -2.497 0.012563 *
## vowela:hyoidY -8.182e-01 1.057e-01 -7.738 1.38e-14 ***
## vowelae:hyoidY 8.190e-02 1.167e-01 0.702 0.482827
## voweli:hyoidY 2.362e-01 1.045e-01 2.259 0.023962 *
## vowelu:hyoidY -2.491e-01 1.000e-01 -2.491 0.012805 *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.2238 on 2928 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.6995, Adjusted R-squared: 0.6922
## F-statistic: 95.98 on 71 and 2928 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## VTRatio 1 0.14 0.141 1.986 0.158904
## I(VTRatio^2) 1 3.50 3.504 49.177 2.89e-12 ***
## vowel 4 23.83 5.958 83.631 < 2e-16 ***
## JA 1 0.57 0.570 7.994 0.004725 **
## LP 1 1.76 1.764 24.754 6.89e-07 ***
## LD 1 0.05 0.046 0.651 0.419974
## TCX 1 5.83 5.833 81.873 < 2e-16 ***
## TCY 1 0.81 0.813 11.412 0.000739 ***
## TTX 1 0.02 0.021 0.301 0.583541
## TTY 1 26.14 26.145 366.966 < 2e-16 ***
## TBX 1 1.47 1.475 20.699 5.59e-06 ***
## TBY 1 0.14 0.135 1.900 0.168196
## hyoidX 1 2.14 2.135 29.973 4.75e-08 ***
## hyoidY 1 0.01 0.007 0.103 0.747705
## replication 1 0.00 0.003 0.043 0.836177
## generation 1 6.50 6.503 91.280 < 2e-16 ***
## VTRatio:vowel 4 11.60 2.900 40.699 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowel 4 11.78 2.945 41.339 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel:JA 4 1.69 0.422 5.921 9.62e-05 ***
## vowel:LP 4 2.67 0.668 9.375 1.58e-07 ***
## vowel:LD 4 0.43 0.107 1.503 0.198434
## vowel:TCX 4 7.53 1.883 26.424 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel:TCY 4 1.75 0.438 6.146 6.37e-05 ***
## vowel:TTX 4 0.27 0.069 0.964 0.425915
## vowel:TTY 4 6.35 1.588 22.284 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel:TBX 4 0.46 0.115 1.608 0.169458
## vowel:TBY 4 1.77 0.443 6.222 5.54e-05 ***
## vowel:hyoidX 4 3.48 0.871 12.228 7.34e-10 ***
## vowel:hyoidY 4 1.26 0.314 4.406 0.001492 **
## Residuals 2928 208.61 0.071
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = f4e.m0)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa 0.07730482 0.03524198 0.119367651 0.0000055
## ae-schwa 0.09414493 0.05208210 0.136207763 0.0000000
## i-schwa 0.05435520 0.01229236 0.096418029 0.0039014
## u-schwa 0.26453127 0.22246844 0.306594107 0.0000000
## ae-a 0.01684011 -0.02522272 0.058902945 0.8103709
## i-a -0.02294962 -0.06501245 0.019113212 0.5695922
## u-a 0.18722646 0.14516362 0.229289290 0.0000000
## i-ae -0.03978973 -0.08185257 0.002273099 0.0739411
## u-ae 0.17038634 0.12832351 0.212449178 0.0000000
## u-i 0.21017608 0.16811324 0.252238911 0.0000000##
## Call:
## lm(formula = F4.error ~ VTRatio + I(VTRatio^2) + vowel + JA +
## LP + LD + TCX + TCY + TTX + TTY + TBX + TBY + hyoidX + hyoidY +
## (VTRatio:vowel) + (I(VTRatio^2):vowel) + (JA:vowel) + (LP:vowel) +
## (LD:vowel) + (TCX:vowel) + (TCY:vowel) + (TTX:vowel) + (TTY:vowel) +
## (TBX:vowel) + (TBY:vowel) + (hyoidX:vowel) + (hyoidY:vowel) +
## replication + generation, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -1.0931 -0.0522 -0.0111 0.0382 4.3396
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 1.741e+00 3.066e+00 0.568 0.570161
## VTRatio -9.289e+00 1.114e+01 -0.834 0.404410
## I(VTRatio^2) 1.090e+01 1.124e+01 0.970 0.332041
## vowela -1.359e+00 3.981e+00 -0.341 0.732811
## vowelae 8.982e+00 4.299e+00 2.089 0.036772 *
## voweli -5.318e+00 3.873e+00 -1.373 0.169805
## vowelu 8.069e+00 3.674e+00 2.196 0.028164 *
## JA 1.658e-03 7.622e-03 0.218 0.827804
## LP 9.493e-03 2.738e-02 0.347 0.728874
## LD 4.526e-04 1.308e-02 0.035 0.972391
## TCX 7.757e-02 4.815e-02 1.611 0.107304
## TCY -1.273e-02 3.042e-02 -0.418 0.675629
## TTX 1.284e-02 1.630e-02 0.788 0.430883
## TTY -2.040e-02 1.472e-02 -1.386 0.165766
## TBX -1.759e-02 8.135e-03 -2.162 0.030708 *
## TBY -8.583e-03 1.420e-02 -0.604 0.545680
## hyoidX -5.270e-03 2.926e-02 -0.180 0.857079
## hyoidY -5.738e-02 8.671e-02 -0.662 0.508216
## replication -7.574e-05 1.701e-04 -0.445 0.656085
## generation -3.189e-04 5.756e-05 -5.540 3.29e-08 ***
## VTRatio:vowela 9.270e+00 1.451e+01 0.639 0.523058
## VTRatio:vowelae -3.497e+01 1.571e+01 -2.226 0.026083 *
## VTRatio:voweli 1.542e+01 1.442e+01 1.069 0.285022
## VTRatio:vowelu -5.354e+01 1.318e+01 -4.063 4.98e-05 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowela -1.179e+01 1.490e+01 -0.792 0.428597
## I(VTRatio^2):vowelae 3.453e+01 1.614e+01 2.139 0.032487 *
## I(VTRatio^2):voweli -1.351e+01 1.483e+01 -0.911 0.362450
## I(VTRatio^2):vowelu 7.148e+01 1.330e+01 5.375 8.28e-08 ***
## vowela:JA -2.826e-03 1.412e-02 -0.200 0.841356
## vowelae:JA -7.421e-03 1.975e-02 -0.376 0.707086
## voweli:JA -1.869e-02 1.182e-02 -1.581 0.113997
## vowelu:JA 9.193e-03 9.633e-03 0.954 0.340000
## vowela:LP -3.360e-03 4.302e-02 -0.078 0.937744
## vowelae:LP -3.060e-02 5.040e-02 -0.607 0.543880
## voweli:LP -5.225e-02 3.705e-02 -1.410 0.158534
## vowelu:LP -1.557e-01 3.586e-02 -4.342 1.46e-05 ***
## vowela:LD 3.679e-03 2.078e-02 0.177 0.859448
## vowelae:LD 1.727e-02 2.251e-02 0.767 0.443104
## voweli:LD 3.772e-02 1.717e-02 2.197 0.028125 *
## vowelu:LD 1.695e-03 2.014e-02 0.084 0.932918
## vowela:TCX 7.787e-02 1.457e-01 0.534 0.593092
## vowelae:TCX 1.121e-02 7.504e-02 0.149 0.881286
## voweli:TCX -8.348e-02 5.104e-02 -1.636 0.102010
## vowelu:TCX -3.939e-01 6.559e-02 -6.005 2.15e-09 ***
## vowela:TCY 1.267e-01 9.232e-02 1.372 0.170189
## vowelae:TCY 1.268e-03 6.085e-02 0.021 0.983373
## voweli:TCY -4.132e-03 5.189e-02 -0.080 0.936536
## vowelu:TCY 2.171e-01 4.907e-02 4.425 9.99e-06 ***
## vowela:TTX -1.908e-02 2.464e-02 -0.774 0.438837
## vowelae:TTX -2.165e-02 2.379e-02 -0.910 0.362824
## voweli:TTX -4.989e-03 2.020e-02 -0.247 0.804948
## vowelu:TTX -2.790e-02 2.295e-02 -1.216 0.224183
## vowela:TTY -1.044e-02 2.627e-02 -0.397 0.691090
## vowelae:TTY 5.726e-02 3.696e-02 1.549 0.121473
## voweli:TTY -1.306e-03 2.215e-02 -0.059 0.952990
## vowelu:TTY -1.619e-01 1.966e-02 -8.231 2.76e-16 ***
## vowela:TBX 8.196e-03 1.395e-02 0.588 0.556790
## vowelae:TBX 1.793e-02 2.221e-02 0.807 0.419519
## voweli:TBX 4.983e-02 2.140e-02 2.328 0.019959 *
## vowelu:TBX -3.532e-03 1.609e-02 -0.219 0.826278
## vowela:TBY 6.063e-02 2.398e-02 2.529 0.011501 *
## vowelae:TBY 8.877e-02 4.108e-02 2.161 0.030759 *
## voweli:TBY 1.236e-01 4.082e-02 3.027 0.002490 **
## vowelu:TBY -2.704e-02 2.419e-02 -1.118 0.263764
## vowela:hyoidX 1.996e-01 5.850e-02 3.412 0.000654 ***
## vowelae:hyoidX -6.450e-02 5.544e-02 -1.164 0.244714
## voweli:hyoidX -1.791e-01 4.852e-02 -3.691 0.000227 ***
## vowelu:hyoidX -1.065e-01 4.265e-02 -2.496 0.012604 *
## vowela:hyoidY -7.595e-02 1.261e-01 -0.602 0.547055
## vowelae:hyoidY 7.848e-02 1.392e-01 0.564 0.572872
## voweli:hyoidY -1.557e-01 1.247e-01 -1.249 0.211904
## vowelu:hyoidY -4.053e-01 1.193e-01 -3.398 0.000688 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.2669 on 2928 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.3728, Adjusted R-squared: 0.3576
## F-statistic: 24.51 on 71 and 2928 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16F5
## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## VTRatio 1 79.60 79.60 2272.640 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2) 1 67.90 67.90 1938.537 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel 4 101.02 25.25 721.020 < 2e-16 ***
## JA 1 0.25 0.25 6.995 0.008216 **
## LP 1 3.83 3.83 109.474 < 2e-16 ***
## LD 1 1.50 1.50 42.726 7.40e-11 ***
## TCX 1 7.16 7.16 204.316 < 2e-16 ***
## TCY 1 0.81 0.81 23.012 1.69e-06 ***
## TTX 1 0.00 0.00 0.071 0.789707
## TTY 1 8.82 8.82 251.815 < 2e-16 ***
## TBX 1 0.75 0.75 21.413 3.86e-06 ***
## TBY 1 0.40 0.40 11.299 0.000785 ***
## hyoidX 1 0.11 0.11 3.008 0.082972 .
## hyoidY 1 0.21 0.21 5.893 0.015261 *
## replication 1 0.07 0.07 1.896 0.168641
## generation 1 1.81 1.81 51.561 8.76e-13 ***
## VTRatio:vowel 4 27.92 6.98 199.314 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowel 4 69.25 17.31 494.260 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel:JA 4 1.22 0.31 8.740 5.19e-07 ***
## vowel:LP 4 1.15 0.29 8.199 1.43e-06 ***
## vowel:LD 4 1.88 0.47 13.422 7.67e-11 ***
## vowel:TCX 4 5.52 1.38 39.389 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel:TCY 4 1.42 0.35 10.119 3.91e-08 ***
## vowel:TTX 4 0.55 0.14 3.933 0.003455 **
## vowel:TTY 4 6.81 1.70 48.633 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel:TBX 4 0.23 0.06 1.631 0.163630
## vowel:TBY 4 1.66 0.42 11.862 1.47e-09 ***
## vowel:hyoidX 4 0.21 0.05 1.464 0.210531
## vowel:hyoidY 4 0.59 0.15 4.246 0.001984 **
## Residuals 2928 102.55 0.04
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = f5.m0)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa 0.03397099 0.004478583 0.06346339 0.0145262
## ae-schwa 0.11405633 0.084563926 0.14354874 0.0000000
## i-schwa -0.01635768 -0.045850090 0.01313472 0.5534593
## u-schwa -0.41145974 -0.440952147 -0.38196734 0.0000000
## ae-a 0.08008534 0.050592937 0.10957775 0.0000000
## i-a -0.05032867 -0.079821079 -0.02083627 0.0000328
## u-a -0.44543073 -0.474923135 -0.41593832 0.0000000
## i-ae -0.13041402 -0.159906422 -0.10092161 0.0000000
## u-ae -0.52551607 -0.555008478 -0.49602367 0.0000000
## u-i -0.39510206 -0.424594462 -0.36560965 0.0000000##
## Call:
## lm(formula = F5 ~ VTRatio + I(VTRatio^2) + vowel + JA + LP +
## LD + TCX + TCY + TTX + TTY + TBX + TBY + hyoidX + hyoidY +
## (VTRatio:vowel) + (I(VTRatio^2):vowel) + (JA:vowel) + (LP:vowel) +
## (LD:vowel) + (TCX:vowel) + (TCY:vowel) + (TTX:vowel) + (TTY:vowel) +
## (TBX:vowel) + (TBY:vowel) + (hyoidX:vowel) + (hyoidY:vowel) +
## replication + generation, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -1.32066 -0.08344 0.00499 0.07665 1.35866
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 2.338e+01 2.150e+00 10.877 < 2e-16 ***
## VTRatio -2.572e+01 7.811e+00 -3.293 0.001003 **
## I(VTRatio^2) 3.084e+01 7.878e+00 3.915 9.26e-05 ***
## vowela 4.063e+00 2.791e+00 1.456 0.145593
## vowelae 2.927e+00 3.014e+00 0.971 0.331668
## voweli -8.532e-01 2.715e+00 -0.314 0.753381
## vowelu 4.235e+01 2.576e+00 16.438 < 2e-16 ***
## JA -1.609e-02 5.344e-03 -3.010 0.002634 **
## LP -4.765e-02 1.920e-02 -2.482 0.013121 *
## LD 1.802e-02 9.168e-03 1.965 0.049487 *
## TCX 3.810e-02 3.376e-02 1.129 0.259175
## TCY -3.093e-02 2.133e-02 -1.450 0.147237
## TTX 9.831e-03 1.143e-02 0.860 0.389771
## TTY -3.762e-02 1.032e-02 -3.646 0.000271 ***
## TBX -1.399e-02 5.704e-03 -2.452 0.014246 *
## TBY -3.592e-02 9.959e-03 -3.607 0.000315 ***
## hyoidX -4.116e-02 2.051e-02 -2.007 0.044888 *
## hyoidY 5.569e-02 6.080e-02 0.916 0.359796
## replication -5.776e-05 1.192e-04 -0.484 0.628140
## generation -5.623e-05 4.036e-05 -1.393 0.163631
## VTRatio:vowela -2.904e+01 1.018e+01 -2.854 0.004351 **
## VTRatio:vowelae -2.301e+01 1.101e+01 -2.089 0.036781 *
## VTRatio:voweli 6.461e+00 1.011e+01 0.639 0.522895
## VTRatio:vowelu -2.003e+02 9.240e+00 -21.675 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowela 3.956e+01 1.044e+01 3.788 0.000155 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowelae 3.273e+01 1.132e+01 2.893 0.003848 **
## I(VTRatio^2):voweli -7.383e+00 1.040e+01 -0.710 0.477656
## I(VTRatio^2):vowelu 2.285e+02 9.325e+00 24.505 < 2e-16 ***
## vowela:JA 2.638e-02 9.900e-03 2.665 0.007743 **
## vowelae:JA 3.167e-02 1.385e-02 2.287 0.022262 *
## voweli:JA 1.397e-02 8.290e-03 1.685 0.092045 .
## vowelu:JA 2.404e-02 6.754e-03 3.559 0.000378 ***
## vowela:LP 3.294e-02 3.016e-02 1.092 0.274897
## vowelae:LP 9.302e-02 3.534e-02 2.632 0.008527 **
## voweli:LP -1.265e-02 2.598e-02 -0.487 0.626204
## vowelu:LP -1.600e-02 2.514e-02 -0.636 0.524514
## vowela:LD -2.885e-02 1.457e-02 -1.981 0.047726 *
## vowelae:LD -5.432e-02 1.578e-02 -3.441 0.000587 ***
## voweli:LD 1.269e-02 1.204e-02 1.054 0.292149
## vowelu:LD 4.541e-04 1.412e-02 0.032 0.974347
## vowela:TCX -3.512e-01 1.022e-01 -3.437 0.000596 ***
## vowelae:TCX 5.881e-02 5.261e-02 1.118 0.263753
## voweli:TCX -8.129e-02 3.579e-02 -2.272 0.023188 *
## vowelu:TCX 3.005e-01 4.599e-02 6.535 7.48e-11 ***
## vowela:TCY -4.300e-01 6.473e-02 -6.643 3.65e-11 ***
## vowelae:TCY -1.836e-04 4.267e-02 -0.004 0.996566
## voweli:TCY -2.311e-02 3.638e-02 -0.635 0.525275
## vowelu:TCY -4.835e-02 3.441e-02 -1.405 0.160034
## vowela:TTX -1.347e-02 1.728e-02 -0.779 0.435861
## vowelae:TTX 7.176e-03 1.668e-02 0.430 0.667070
## voweli:TTX -8.159e-03 1.416e-02 -0.576 0.564634
## vowelu:TTX -2.683e-02 1.609e-02 -1.668 0.095489 .
## vowela:TTY -4.608e-02 1.842e-02 -2.502 0.012405 *
## vowelae:TTY -9.439e-02 2.592e-02 -3.642 0.000275 ***
## voweli:TTY 7.410e-02 1.553e-02 4.772 1.91e-06 ***
## vowelu:TTY -1.096e-01 1.379e-02 -7.948 2.67e-15 ***
## vowela:TBX 1.983e-02 9.778e-03 2.028 0.042610 *
## vowelae:TBX -4.275e-02 1.557e-02 -2.745 0.006089 **
## voweli:TBX 1.472e-02 1.501e-02 0.981 0.326749
## vowelu:TBX -1.336e-02 1.128e-02 -1.184 0.236381
## vowela:TBY 6.635e-02 1.681e-02 3.947 8.11e-05 ***
## vowelae:TBY -8.711e-02 2.880e-02 -3.025 0.002510 **
## voweli:TBY 1.957e-03 2.862e-02 0.068 0.945476
## vowelu:TBY 1.005e-02 1.696e-02 0.593 0.553481
## vowela:hyoidX -5.864e-02 4.102e-02 -1.430 0.152948
## vowelae:hyoidX 1.681e-02 3.887e-02 0.433 0.665378
## voweli:hyoidX 9.292e-03 3.402e-02 0.273 0.784771
## vowelu:hyoidX -3.109e-02 2.991e-02 -1.039 0.298684
## vowela:hyoidY 5.661e-02 8.842e-02 0.640 0.522079
## vowelae:hyoidY -1.986e-01 9.759e-02 -2.035 0.041950 *
## voweli:hyoidY 6.354e-02 8.743e-02 0.727 0.467412
## vowelu:hyoidY -1.962e-01 8.363e-02 -2.346 0.019042 *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.1872 on 2928 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.7929, Adjusted R-squared: 0.7879
## F-statistic: 157.9 on 71 and 2928 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## VTRatio 1 81.8 81.85 1074.541 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2) 1 148.6 148.56 1950.414 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel 4 376.8 94.20 1236.675 < 2e-16 ***
## JA 1 0.0 0.00 0.006 0.940643
## LP 1 9.6 9.64 126.517 < 2e-16 ***
## LD 1 8.9 8.93 117.177 < 2e-16 ***
## TCX 1 68.3 68.31 896.760 < 2e-16 ***
## TCY 1 1.0 0.97 12.744 0.000363 ***
## TTX 1 0.5 0.45 5.936 0.014891 *
## TTY 1 12.9 12.86 168.791 < 2e-16 ***
## TBX 1 0.9 0.94 12.276 0.000466 ***
## TBY 1 0.2 0.18 2.422 0.119712
## hyoidX 1 0.4 0.36 4.741 0.029523 *
## hyoidY 1 0.4 0.38 4.955 0.026095 *
## replication 1 0.2 0.16 2.151 0.142620
## generation 1 4.4 4.42 58.088 3.36e-14 ***
## VTRatio:vowel 4 192.6 48.15 632.139 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowel 4 276.1 69.02 906.195 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel:JA 4 1.0 0.26 3.382 0.009071 **
## vowel:LP 4 0.1 0.03 0.374 0.827099
## vowel:LD 4 1.3 0.33 4.293 0.001827 **
## vowel:TCX 4 5.3 1.31 17.237 5.52e-14 ***
## vowel:TCY 4 1.2 0.29 3.789 0.004458 **
## vowel:TTX 4 0.4 0.09 1.184 0.315538
## vowel:TTY 4 6.4 1.59 20.915 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel:TBX 4 0.4 0.09 1.198 0.309705
## vowel:TBY 4 0.4 0.10 1.292 0.270808
## vowel:hyoidX 4 0.4 0.09 1.187 0.314407
## vowel:hyoidY 4 1.5 0.37 4.835 0.000691 ***
## Residuals 2928 223.0 0.08
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = f5e.m0)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa 0.03120784 -0.012284229 0.07469991 0.2867937
## ae-schwa 0.05022266 0.006730591 0.09371473 0.0141603
## i-schwa 0.07725026 0.033758190 0.12074233 0.0000130
## u-schwa 0.92289511 0.879403041 0.96638718 0.0000000
## ae-a 0.01901482 -0.024477249 0.06250689 0.7552733
## i-a 0.04604242 0.002550350 0.08953449 0.0317617
## u-a 0.89168727 0.848195201 0.93517934 0.0000000
## i-ae 0.02702760 -0.016464470 0.07051967 0.4364064
## u-ae 0.87267245 0.829180381 0.91616452 0.0000000
## u-i 0.84564485 0.802152782 0.88913692 0.0000000##
## Call:
## lm(formula = F5.error ~ VTRatio + I(VTRatio^2) + vowel + JA +
## LP + LD + TCX + TCY + TTX + TTY + TBX + TBY + hyoidX + hyoidY +
## (VTRatio:vowel) + (I(VTRatio^2):vowel) + (JA:vowel) + (LP:vowel) +
## (LD:vowel) + (TCX:vowel) + (TCY:vowel) + (TTX:vowel) + (TTY:vowel) +
## (TBX:vowel) + (TBY:vowel) + (hyoidX:vowel) + (hyoidY:vowel) +
## replication + generation, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -2.75728 -0.04317 -0.00404 0.03637 2.27014
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 2.827e+00 3.170e+00 0.892 0.372587
## VTRatio -1.541e+01 1.152e+01 -1.338 0.180983
## I(VTRatio^2) 1.895e+01 1.162e+01 1.631 0.103053
## vowela 5.091e+00 4.116e+00 1.237 0.216215
## vowelae 4.001e+00 4.445e+00 0.900 0.368185
## voweli 3.897e+00 4.004e+00 0.973 0.330478
## vowelu 9.756e+01 3.799e+00 25.678 < 2e-16 ***
## JA -1.105e-02 7.881e-03 -1.402 0.161045
## LP -3.511e-02 2.831e-02 -1.240 0.215046
## LD 6.146e-03 1.352e-02 0.455 0.649464
## TCX 9.089e-02 4.979e-02 1.825 0.068031 .
## TCY -4.333e-03 3.146e-02 -0.138 0.890458
## TTX 1.514e-02 1.685e-02 0.898 0.369136
## TTY -1.062e-02 1.522e-02 -0.698 0.485203
## TBX -7.466e-03 8.411e-03 -0.888 0.374843
## TBY -7.470e-03 1.469e-02 -0.509 0.611025
## hyoidX -3.344e-02 3.025e-02 -1.105 0.269078
## hyoidY -4.125e-02 8.966e-02 -0.460 0.645471
## replication -1.741e-04 1.758e-04 -0.990 0.322147
## generation -1.633e-04 5.951e-05 -2.743 0.006119 **
## VTRatio:vowela -2.577e+01 1.501e+01 -1.717 0.086075 .
## VTRatio:vowelae -2.413e+01 1.624e+01 -1.486 0.137428
## VTRatio:voweli -1.297e+01 1.491e+01 -0.869 0.384687
## VTRatio:vowelu -4.308e+02 1.363e+01 -31.616 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowela 3.101e+01 1.540e+01 2.013 0.044174 *
## I(VTRatio^2):vowelae 3.007e+01 1.669e+01 1.802 0.071665 .
## I(VTRatio^2):voweli 1.301e+01 1.533e+01 0.849 0.396213
## I(VTRatio^2):vowelu 4.854e+02 1.375e+01 35.297 < 2e-16 ***
## vowela:JA 1.606e-02 1.460e-02 1.100 0.271516
## vowelae:JA 7.121e-03 2.042e-02 0.349 0.727317
## voweli:JA 1.735e-02 1.223e-02 1.419 0.155967
## vowelu:JA 3.274e-02 9.960e-03 3.287 0.001023 **
## vowela:LP 2.083e-02 4.448e-02 0.468 0.639528
## vowelae:LP 7.210e-03 5.211e-02 0.138 0.889975
## voweli:LP -1.674e-02 3.831e-02 -0.437 0.662105
## vowelu:LP -2.840e-03 3.707e-02 -0.077 0.938949
## vowela:LD -1.393e-02 2.148e-02 -0.648 0.516788
## vowelae:LD -1.047e-02 2.328e-02 -0.450 0.652818
## voweli:LD 2.592e-02 1.776e-02 1.460 0.144436
## vowelu:LD 5.421e-02 2.082e-02 2.604 0.009270 **
## vowela:TCX -1.005e-01 1.507e-01 -0.667 0.504815
## vowelae:TCX 5.273e-02 7.759e-02 0.680 0.496792
## voweli:TCX -1.014e-01 5.277e-02 -1.921 0.054813 .
## vowelu:TCX 4.224e-01 6.782e-02 6.229 5.38e-10 ***
## vowela:TCY -1.620e-01 9.545e-02 -1.697 0.089819 .
## vowelae:TCY -5.688e-03 6.292e-02 -0.090 0.927980
## voweli:TCY -1.042e-01 5.365e-02 -1.943 0.052101 .
## vowelu:TCY -1.784e-01 5.074e-02 -3.517 0.000444 ***
## vowela:TTX -3.302e-02 2.548e-02 -1.296 0.195144
## vowelae:TTX -1.655e-02 2.460e-02 -0.673 0.501135
## voweli:TTX -1.647e-02 2.089e-02 -0.789 0.430362
## vowelu:TTX -4.501e-02 2.373e-02 -1.897 0.057929 .
## vowela:TTY -2.439e-02 2.716e-02 -0.898 0.369210
## vowelae:TTY 1.215e-02 3.822e-02 0.318 0.750553
## voweli:TTY 1.866e-02 2.290e-02 0.815 0.415212
## vowelu:TTY -1.398e-01 2.033e-02 -6.876 7.51e-12 ***
## vowela:TBX 1.201e-02 1.442e-02 0.833 0.405022
## vowelae:TBX 1.542e-03 2.297e-02 0.067 0.946485
## voweli:TBX 3.268e-02 2.213e-02 1.477 0.139900
## vowelu:TBX -2.522e-02 1.664e-02 -1.516 0.129682
## vowela:TBY 3.102e-02 2.479e-02 1.251 0.210957
## vowelae:TBY 5.018e-03 4.247e-02 0.118 0.905961
## voweli:TBY -2.799e-03 4.220e-02 -0.066 0.947118
## vowelu:TBY -2.104e-02 2.501e-02 -0.841 0.400297
## vowela:hyoidX -1.103e-02 6.049e-02 -0.182 0.855331
## vowelae:hyoidX 2.808e-02 5.732e-02 0.490 0.624260
## voweli:hyoidX 2.608e-02 5.017e-02 0.520 0.603248
## vowelu:hyoidX -8.333e-02 4.410e-02 -1.890 0.058912 .
## vowela:hyoidY 1.922e-02 1.304e-01 0.147 0.882818
## vowelae:hyoidY -1.469e-01 1.439e-01 -1.021 0.307466
## voweli:hyoidY 1.501e-01 1.289e-01 1.165 0.244278
## vowelu:hyoidY 3.975e-01 1.233e-01 3.223 0.001282 **
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.276 on 2928 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.8435, Adjusted R-squared: 0.8397
## F-statistic: 222.2 on 71 and 2928 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16| DVs, interactions & R2 | F1 | F1.err | F2 | F2.err | F3 | F3.err | F4 | F4.err | F5 | F5.err |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| VTRatio | 10 (0.005**) | -3.6 (0.38) | -0.4 (0.94) | -4.5 (0.55) | 1.5e+02 (3.5e-38***) | -1.4e+02 (2.1e-22***) | 61 (5.9e-11***) | -9.3 (0.4) | -26 (0.001**) | -15 (0.18) |
| VTRatio^2 | -11 (0.0034**) | 4 (0.33) | -0.032 (1) | 5 (0.51) | -1.5e+02 (2.6e-40***) | 1.5e+02 (1.3e-24***) | -61 (1.5e-10***) | 11 (0.33) | 31 (9.3e-05***) | 19 (0.1) |
| vowel | . (0***) | . (4.5e-114***) | . (0***) | . (2.6e-265***) | . (0***) | . (3.6e-107***) | . (0***) | . (2.5e-67***) | . (0***) | . (0***) |
| JA | 0.00097 (0.7) | -0.0023 (0.41) | -0.0011 (0.76) | -0.0035 (0.5) | -0.0023 (0.77) | 0.0065 (0.51) | 0.0046 (0.47) | 0.0017 (0.83) | -0.016 (0.0026**) | -0.011 (0.16) |
| LP | 0.0068 (0.45) | 0.0015 (0.88) | 0.0037 (0.78) | 0.0044 (0.81) | -0.02 (0.48) | 0.017 (0.62) | 0.03 (0.2) | 0.0095 (0.73) | -0.048 (0.013*) | -0.035 (0.22) |
| LD | 0.0015 (0.73) | 0.00044 (0.93) | -0.0025 (0.7) | 1e-05 (1) | 0.0084 (0.53) | -0.0058 (0.73) | -0.018 (0.095) | 0.00045 (0.97) | 0.018 (0.049*) | 0.0061 (0.65) |
| TCX | -0.013 (0.41) | 0.0035 (0.84) | 0.045 (0.055) | 0.0041 (0.9) | -0.22 (5.4e-06***) | 0.24 (0.00014***) | 0.11 (0.0089**) | 0.078 (0.11) | 0.038 (0.26) | 0.091 (0.068) |
| TCY | -0.0035 (0.73) | -0.0026 (0.81) | -0.015 (0.32) | -0.0027 (0.9) | -0.064 (0.038*) | 0.1 (0.009**) | -0.078 (0.0023**) | -0.013 (0.68) | -0.031 (0.15) | -0.0043 (0.89) |
| TTX | -0.0048 (0.37) | -0.0021 (0.73) | -0.0058 (0.46) | -0.0041 (0.71) | 0.016 (0.35) | -0.00077 (0.97) | -0.051 (0.00018***) | 0.013 (0.43) | 0.0098 (0.39) | 0.015 (0.37) |
| TTY | 0.00079 (0.87) | -0.0018 (0.73) | 0.0044 (0.54) | -0.0024 (0.81) | 0.012 (0.43) | -0.0066 (0.73) | -0.02 (0.11) | -0.02 (0.17) | -0.038 (0.00027***) | -0.011 (0.49) |
| TBX | 0.0045 (0.09) | 0.00032 (0.92) | 0.0026 (0.5) | 0.00049 (0.93) | 0.03 (0.00036***) | -0.028 (0.0071**) | 0.018 (0.0074**) | -0.018 (0.031*) | -0.014 (0.014*) | -0.0075 (0.37) |
| TBY | 0.00043 (0.93) | 0.00096 (0.85) | 0.009 (0.19) | 0.00067 (0.94) | 0.026 (0.07) | -0.032 (0.078) | 0.042 (0.00042***) | -0.0086 (0.55) | -0.036 (0.00032***) | -0.0075 (0.61) |
| hyoidX | -0.018 (0.065) | -0.0095 (0.38) | -0.02 (0.15) | -0.018 (0.35) | -0.037 (0.21) | 0.083 (0.028*) | 0.027 (0.27) | -0.0053 (0.86) | -0.041 (0.045*) | -0.033 (0.27) |
| hyoidY | -0.037 (0.2) | 0.004 (0.9) | 0.032 (0.45) | 0.0012 (0.98) | -0.11 (0.21) | -0.15 (0.18) | -0.4 (5.3e-08***) | -0.057 (0.51) | 0.056 (0.36) | -0.041 (0.65) |
| replication | 1.4e-05 (0.81) | 7.9e-05 (0.21) | 0.00013 (0.13) | -0.00015 (0.19) | 7.2e-05 (0.68) | -3.9e-05 (0.86) | 2.7e-05 (0.85) | -7.6e-05 (0.66) | -5.8e-05 (0.63) | -0.00017 (0.32) |
| generation | -0.00014 (8.3e-13***) | -0.00016 (2.4e-13***) | -6.4e-05 (0.022*) | -0.00027 (3.4e-12***) | -8.5e-05 (0.15) | -4.9e-05 (0.5) | -6.1e-05 (0.21) | -0.00032 (3.3e-08***) | -5.6e-05 (0.16) | -0.00016 (0.0061**) |
| VTRatio:vowel | . (4e-149***) | . (2.9e-175***) | . (1.3e-268***) | . (0***) | . (1.9e-36***) | . (3.9e-125***) | . (1.1e-41***) | . (3.1e-33***) | . (2.4e-151***) | . (0***) |
| VTRatio^2:vowel | . (3e-163***) | . (2.3e-38***) | . (1.6e-263***) | . (1.6e-211***) | . (3.7e-80***) | . (8.4e-48***) | . (1.5e-77***) | . (9.3e-34***) | . (0***) | . (0***) |
| vowel:JA | . (6.7e-39***) | . (2.5e-16***) | . (1.6e-13***) | . (0.00023***) | . (2.1e-07***) | . (8.4e-07***) | . (7.4e-10***) | . (9.6e-05***) | . (5.2e-07***) | . (0.0091**) |
| vowel:LP | . (1.3e-53***) | . (1.6e-25***) | . (9.2e-05***) | . (0.1) | . (0.0083**) | . (2.1e-07***) | . (5.4e-10***) | . (1.6e-07***) | . (1.4e-06***) | . (0.83) |
| vowel:LD | . (8.2e-22***) | . (3e-08***) | . (2.6e-11***) | . (0.062) | . (0.00023***) | . (1.1e-05***) | . (0.0026**) | . (0.2) | . (7.7e-11***) | . (0.0018**) |
| vowel:TCX | . (6.3e-71***) | . (3.4e-105***) | . (1e-35***) | . (8.1e-23***) | . (0.00013***) | . (1.4e-13***) | . (5.9e-45***) | . (1.5e-21***) | . (3.6e-32***) | . (5.5e-14***) |
| vowel:TCY | . (2.4e-13***) | . (2.2e-05***) | . (1.1e-37***) | . (1e-28***) | . (5.4e-61***) | . (4.3e-35***) | . (1.8e-37***) | . (6.4e-05***) | . (3.9e-08***) | . (0.0045**) |
| vowel:TTX | . (3.3e-37***) | . (5.7e-21***) | . (0.22) | . (0.56) | . (0.77) | . (0.026*) | . (0.0018**) | . (0.43) | . (0.0035**) | . (0.32) |
| vowel:TTY | . (8.2e-05***) | . (0.00086***) | . (1.3e-15***) | . (0.48) | . (2.7e-07***) | . (6.5e-31***) | . (1.4e-08***) | . (3.8e-18***) | . (1.2e-39***) | . (5.1e-17***) |
| vowel:TBX | . (3.6e-54***) | . (0.00094***) | . (1.3e-07***) | . (0.027*) | . (0.29) | . (0.092) | . (0.89) | . (0.17) | . (0.16) | . (0.31) |
| vowel:TBY | . (5.3e-60***) | . (1.3e-08***) | . (0.03*) | . (0.00013***) | . (9.5e-05***) | . (0.028*) | . (0.15) | . (5.5e-05***) | . (1.5e-09***) | . (0.27) |
| vowel:hyoidX | . (3e-28***) | . (0.00063***) | . (1.5e-09***) | . (8.8e-15***) | . (4e-08***) | . (3.1e-08***) | . (2.5e-38***) | . (7.3e-10***) | . (0.21) | . (0.31) |
| vowel:hyoidY | . (9.9e-11***) | . (2.8e-05***) | . (5.2e-19***) | . (0.16) | . (3.2e-29***) | . (9.3e-08***) | . (1.9e-23***) | . (0.0015**) | . (0.002**) | . (0.00069***) |
| adjusted R2 | 99.7% | 54.6% | 99.8% | 70.1% | 78.5% | 70.6% | 69.2% | 35.8% | 78.8% | 84.0% |
PC1 – PC3 on VTRatio
## Analysis of Variance Table
##
## Response: PC1
## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## VTRatio 1 7241.1 7241.1 29299.1232 <2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2) 1 139.8 139.8 565.8072 <2e-16 ***
## vowel 4 6339.7 1584.9 6413.0481 <2e-16 ***
## replication 1 0.0 0.0 0.1272 0.7213
## generation 1 0.1 0.1 0.3635 0.5466
## VTRatio:vowel 4 165.7 41.4 167.6186 <2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowel 4 45.6 11.4 46.0959 <2e-16 ***
## Residuals 2983 737.2 0.2
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = pc1.m0)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa -1.1031824 -1.1815231 -1.0248417 0
## ae-schwa -0.5990499 -0.6773906 -0.5207092 0
## i-schwa 2.9375638 2.8592231 3.0159045 0
## u-schwa 1.2665702 1.1882295 1.3449109 0
## ae-a 0.5041325 0.4257918 0.5824732 0
## i-a 4.0407462 3.9624055 4.1190869 0
## u-a 2.3697526 2.2914119 2.4480933 0
## i-ae 3.5366137 3.4582730 3.6149543 0
## u-ae 1.8656200 1.7872793 1.9439607 0
## u-i -1.6709936 -1.7493343 -1.5926529 0##
## Call:
## lm(formula = PC1 ~ VTRatio + I(VTRatio^2) + +vowel + replication +
## generation + (VTRatio:vowel) + (I(VTRatio^2):vowel), data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -2.7582 -0.2392 0.0088 0.2499 2.5021
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -5.461e+01 2.331e+00 -23.426 < 2e-16 ***
## VTRatio 2.009e+02 1.032e+01 19.468 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2) -1.781e+02 1.135e+01 -15.692 < 2e-16 ***
## vowela -1.601e+00 3.357e+00 -0.477 0.63351
## vowelae 9.443e+00 3.792e+00 2.490 0.01282 *
## voweli 1.264e+01 3.209e+00 3.938 8.39e-05 ***
## vowelu 4.154e+01 3.295e+00 12.605 < 2e-16 ***
## replication 1.152e-04 3.145e-04 0.366 0.71419
## generation -9.743e-05 9.615e-05 -1.013 0.31103
## VTRatio:vowela -3.017e+00 1.486e+01 -0.203 0.83912
## VTRatio:vowelae -4.304e+01 1.668e+01 -2.580 0.00993 **
## VTRatio:voweli -3.187e+01 1.422e+01 -2.242 0.02504 *
## VTRatio:vowelu -1.748e+02 1.461e+01 -11.966 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowela 8.991e+00 1.632e+01 0.551 0.58172
## I(VTRatio^2):vowelae 4.558e+01 1.822e+01 2.502 0.01239 *
## I(VTRatio^2):voweli 2.277e+01 1.563e+01 1.457 0.14517
## I(VTRatio^2):vowelu 1.879e+02 1.606e+01 11.696 < 2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.4971 on 2983 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.9497, Adjusted R-squared: 0.9495
## F-statistic: 3523 on 16 and 2983 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16## Analysis of Variance Table
##
## Response: PC2
## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## VTRatio 1 3477.7 3477.7 17692.5120 <2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2) 1 99.6 99.6 506.7095 <2e-16 ***
## vowel 4 4951.9 1238.0 6298.1042 <2e-16 ***
## replication 1 0.0 0.0 0.0394 0.8427
## generation 1 0.0 0.0 0.0762 0.7825
## VTRatio:vowel 4 170.0 42.5 216.1946 <2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowel 4 73.1 18.3 92.9150 <2e-16 ***
## Residuals 2983 586.3 0.2
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = pc2.m0)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa 1.1021647 1.0322988 1.1720306 0
## ae-schwa 1.3550032 1.2851373 1.4248690 0
## i-schwa -1.1622519 -1.2321178 -1.0923860 0
## u-schwa -1.9825271 -2.0523929 -1.9126612 0
## ae-a 0.2528385 0.1829726 0.3227043 0
## i-a -2.2644166 -2.3342825 -2.1945507 0
## u-a -3.0846918 -3.1545576 -3.0148259 0
## i-ae -2.5172551 -2.5871209 -2.4473892 0
## u-ae -3.3375303 -3.4073961 -3.2676644 0
## u-i -0.8202752 -0.8901410 -0.7504093 0##
## Call:
## lm(formula = PC2 ~ VTRatio + I(VTRatio^2) + +vowel + replication +
## generation + (VTRatio:vowel) + (I(VTRatio^2):vowel), data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -1.80923 -0.28804 -0.00761 0.27579 2.08833
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 1.109e+01 2.079e+00 5.337 1.02e-07 ***
## VTRatio -6.458e+01 9.204e+00 -7.016 2.81e-12 ***
## I(VTRatio^2) 8.830e+01 1.012e+01 8.725 < 2e-16 ***
## vowela -1.248e+01 2.994e+00 -4.168 3.15e-05 ***
## vowelae -8.715e+00 3.382e+00 -2.577 0.010016 *
## voweli -7.310e+00 2.862e+00 -2.554 0.010697 *
## vowelu 3.069e+01 2.939e+00 10.441 < 2e-16 ***
## replication -7.149e-05 2.805e-04 -0.255 0.798841
## generation 1.699e-04 8.575e-05 1.981 0.047675 *
## VTRatio:vowela 5.586e+01 1.325e+01 4.215 2.57e-05 ***
## VTRatio:vowelae 3.705e+01 1.488e+01 2.490 0.012838 *
## VTRatio:voweli 1.551e+01 1.268e+01 1.223 0.221377
## VTRatio:vowelu -1.608e+02 1.303e+01 -12.345 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowela -5.664e+01 1.455e+01 -3.891 0.000102 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowelae -3.242e+01 1.625e+01 -1.995 0.046095 *
## I(VTRatio^2):voweli -4.227e+00 1.394e+01 -0.303 0.761699
## I(VTRatio^2):vowelu 1.941e+02 1.432e+01 13.548 < 2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.4434 on 2983 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.9373, Adjusted R-squared: 0.937
## F-statistic: 2789 on 16 and 2983 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16## Analysis of Variance Table
##
## Response: PC3
## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## VTRatio 1 850.9 850.88 3306.5572 < 2.2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2) 1 22.9 22.93 89.1204 < 2.2e-16 ***
## vowel 4 6694.0 1673.49 6503.2624 < 2.2e-16 ***
## replication 1 0.0 0.00 0.0003 0.9851
## generation 1 5.6 5.58 21.6948 3.336e-06 ***
## VTRatio:vowel 4 181.8 45.45 176.6069 < 2.2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowel 4 211.6 52.90 205.5581 < 2.2e-16 ***
## Residuals 2983 767.6 0.26
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = pc3.m0)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa -0.4096617 -0.4896009 -0.3297225 0
## ae-schwa 1.3612149 1.2812757 1.4411541 0
## i-schwa 2.5746734 2.4947342 2.6546127 0
## u-schwa -1.7655791 -1.8455183 -1.6856399 0
## ae-a 1.7708766 1.6909374 1.8508158 0
## i-a 2.9843352 2.9043960 3.0642744 0
## u-a -1.3559173 -1.4358565 -1.2759781 0
## i-ae 1.2134586 1.1335194 1.2933978 0
## u-ae -3.1267939 -3.2067332 -3.0468547 0
## u-i -4.3402525 -4.4201917 -4.2603133 0##
## Call:
## lm(formula = PC3 ~ VTRatio + I(VTRatio^2) + +vowel + replication +
## generation + (VTRatio:vowel) + (I(VTRatio^2):vowel), data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -1.69154 -0.31417 -0.03315 0.27797 2.22259
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 1.794e+01 2.379e+00 7.544 6.02e-14 ***
## VTRatio -5.979e+01 1.053e+01 -5.677 1.50e-08 ***
## I(VTRatio^2) 4.267e+01 1.158e+01 3.685 0.000233 ***
## vowela -1.847e+01 3.425e+00 -5.392 7.51e-08 ***
## vowelae -1.639e+01 3.869e+00 -4.235 2.35e-05 ***
## voweli -6.599e+01 3.275e+00 -20.150 < 2e-16 ***
## vowelu 1.925e+01 3.363e+00 5.723 1.15e-08 ***
## replication -4.608e-05 3.210e-04 -0.144 0.885845
## generation -4.131e-04 9.811e-05 -4.210 2.63e-05 ***
## VTRatio:vowela 7.111e+01 1.516e+01 4.689 2.87e-06 ***
## VTRatio:vowelae 7.417e+01 1.702e+01 4.357 1.37e-05 ***
## VTRatio:voweli 2.913e+02 1.451e+01 20.084 < 2e-16 ***
## VTRatio:vowelu -1.090e+02 1.491e+01 -7.312 3.36e-13 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowela -6.820e+01 1.665e+01 -4.095 4.33e-05 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowelae -7.645e+01 1.859e+01 -4.113 4.02e-05 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):voweli -3.061e+02 1.595e+01 -19.198 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowelu 1.372e+02 1.639e+01 8.374 < 2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.5073 on 2983 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.9121, Adjusted R-squared: 0.9116
## F-statistic: 1935 on 16 and 2983 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16| DVs, interactions & R2 | PC1 | PC2 | PC3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| VTRatio | 2e+02 (1.4e-79***) | -65 (2.8e-12***) | -60 (1.5e-08***) |
| VTRatio^2 | -1.8e+02 (2.2e-53***) | 88 (4.3e-18***) | 43 (0.00023***) |
| vowel | . (0***) | . (0***) | . (0***) |
| replication | 0.00012 (0.71) | -7.1e-05 (0.8) | -4.6e-05 (0.89) |
| generation | -9.7e-05 (0.31) | 0.00017 (0.048*) | -0.00041 (2.6e-05***) |
| VTRatio:vowel | . (1.3e-129***) | . (4.3e-163***) | . (6.1e-136***) |
| VTRatio^2:vowel | . (1.2e-37***) | . (1.4e-74***) | . (6.6e-156***) |
| adjusted R2 | 94.9% | 93.7% | 91.2% |
Overall acoustic error over F1 – F5 on VTRatio
## Analysis of Variance Table
##
## Response: acoustic.err
## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## VTRatio 1 77.56 77.56 1889.7671 < 2.2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2) 1 321.43 321.43 7831.8770 < 2.2e-16 ***
## vowel 4 251.60 62.90 1532.5979 < 2.2e-16 ***
## JA 1 1.33 1.33 32.4280 1.360e-08 ***
## LP 1 6.37 6.37 155.1530 < 2.2e-16 ***
## LD 1 0.81 0.81 19.8182 8.835e-06 ***
## TCX 1 40.52 40.52 987.3774 < 2.2e-16 ***
## TCY 1 0.92 0.92 22.3806 2.342e-06 ***
## TTX 1 0.26 0.26 6.3411 0.0118499 *
## TTY 1 24.47 24.47 596.3399 < 2.2e-16 ***
## TBX 1 8.79 8.79 214.2290 < 2.2e-16 ***
## TBY 1 0.95 0.95 23.0683 1.642e-06 ***
## hyoidX 1 0.11 0.11 2.6668 0.1025665
## hyoidY 1 2.93 2.93 71.2920 < 2.2e-16 ***
## replication 1 0.02 0.02 0.5749 0.4483818
## generation 1 6.66 6.66 162.1519 < 2.2e-16 ***
## VTRatio:vowel 4 60.97 15.24 371.4040 < 2.2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowel 4 24.33 6.08 148.2226 < 2.2e-16 ***
## vowel:JA 4 3.60 0.90 21.9408 < 2.2e-16 ***
## vowel:LP 4 3.07 0.77 18.7013 3.420e-15 ***
## vowel:LD 4 2.41 0.60 14.6600 7.340e-12 ***
## vowel:TCX 4 5.07 1.27 30.8872 < 2.2e-16 ***
## vowel:TCY 4 5.43 1.36 33.0727 < 2.2e-16 ***
## vowel:TTX 4 0.78 0.20 4.7656 0.0007835 ***
## vowel:TTY 4 8.13 2.03 49.5388 < 2.2e-16 ***
## vowel:TBX 4 1.41 0.35 8.5605 7.261e-07 ***
## vowel:TBY 4 5.05 1.26 30.7785 < 2.2e-16 ***
## vowel:hyoidX 4 11.41 2.85 69.5251 < 2.2e-16 ***
## vowel:hyoidY 4 3.63 0.91 22.1150 < 2.2e-16 ***
## Residuals 2928 120.17 0.04
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = err.m0)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa 0.33358475 0.301659677 0.36550982 0.0000000
## ae-schwa 0.23487096 0.202945891 0.26679604 0.0000000
## i-schwa 0.37305786 0.341132792 0.40498294 0.0000000
## u-schwa 0.88228693 0.850361858 0.91421200 0.0000000
## ae-a -0.09871379 -0.130638859 -0.06678871 0.0000000
## i-a 0.03947311 0.007548042 0.07139819 0.0067073
## u-a 0.54870218 0.516777108 0.58062725 0.0000000
## i-ae 0.13818690 0.106261828 0.17011197 0.0000000
## u-ae 0.64741597 0.615490894 0.67934104 0.0000000
## u-i 0.50922907 0.477303993 0.54115414 0.0000000##
## Call:
## lm(formula = acoustic.err ~ VTRatio + I(VTRatio^2) + vowel +
## JA + LP + LD + TCX + TCY + TTX + TTY + TBX + TBY + hyoidX +
## hyoidY + (VTRatio:vowel) + (I(VTRatio^2):vowel) + (JA:vowel) +
## (LP:vowel) + (LD:vowel) + (TCX:vowel) + (TCY:vowel) + (TTX:vowel) +
## (TTY:vowel) + (TBX:vowel) + (TBY:vowel) + (hyoidX:vowel) +
## (hyoidY:vowel) + replication + generation, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -1.24376 -0.11844 -0.01663 0.10531 1.12068
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 3.236e+01 2.327e+00 13.904 < 2e-16 ***
## VTRatio -1.444e+02 8.455e+00 -17.081 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2) 1.578e+02 8.528e+00 18.506 < 2e-16 ***
## vowela 1.699e+01 3.021e+00 5.624 2.04e-08 ***
## vowelae 1.650e+01 3.263e+00 5.056 4.55e-07 ***
## voweli 2.123e+01 2.939e+00 7.223 6.44e-13 ***
## vowelu 3.595e+01 2.789e+00 12.890 < 2e-16 ***
## JA -3.109e-03 5.785e-03 -0.537 0.591041
## LP -1.125e-02 2.078e-02 -0.541 0.588470
## LD -1.213e-03 9.925e-03 -0.122 0.902752
## TCX 3.698e-01 3.655e-02 10.117 < 2e-16 ***
## TCY -8.133e-03 2.309e-02 -0.352 0.724698
## TTX 1.544e-03 1.237e-02 0.125 0.900719
## TTY -6.464e-02 1.117e-02 -5.787 7.90e-09 ***
## TBX -5.854e-02 6.174e-03 -9.481 < 2e-16 ***
## TBY -4.840e-02 1.078e-02 -4.490 7.41e-06 ***
## hyoidX 8.416e-03 2.221e-02 0.379 0.704740
## hyoidY -1.949e-01 6.582e-02 -2.962 0.003082 **
## replication -1.452e-04 1.291e-04 -1.125 0.260615
## generation -3.584e-04 4.368e-05 -8.203 3.46e-16 ***
## VTRatio:vowela -5.195e+01 1.102e+01 -4.716 2.52e-06 ***
## VTRatio:vowelae -5.886e+01 1.192e+01 -4.936 8.40e-07 ***
## VTRatio:voweli -7.905e+01 1.095e+01 -7.221 6.53e-13 ***
## VTRatio:vowelu -1.492e+02 1.000e+01 -14.918 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowela 4.392e+01 1.131e+01 3.885 0.000105 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowelae 5.682e+01 1.225e+01 4.639 3.66e-06 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):voweli 7.793e+01 1.125e+01 6.925 5.34e-12 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowelu 1.670e+02 1.009e+01 16.549 < 2e-16 ***
## vowela:JA 5.268e-03 1.072e-02 0.492 0.623066
## vowelae:JA -1.523e-02 1.499e-02 -1.016 0.309786
## voweli:JA 1.792e-02 8.974e-03 1.997 0.045950 *
## vowelu:JA 2.514e-02 7.311e-03 3.439 0.000592 ***
## vowela:LP -1.428e-02 3.265e-02 -0.437 0.661897
## vowelae:LP -3.381e-02 3.825e-02 -0.884 0.376902
## voweli:LP -1.079e-01 2.812e-02 -3.839 0.000126 ***
## vowelu:LP -1.915e-01 2.721e-02 -7.037 2.43e-12 ***
## vowela:LD 2.007e-02 1.577e-02 1.272 0.203304
## vowelae:LD 2.406e-02 1.709e-02 1.408 0.159238
## voweli:LD 4.740e-02 1.303e-02 3.636 0.000281 ***
## vowelu:LD 6.896e-02 1.528e-02 4.512 6.68e-06 ***
## vowela:TCX 9.633e-01 1.106e-01 8.710 < 2e-16 ***
## vowelae:TCX -1.371e-01 5.695e-02 -2.408 0.016113 *
## voweli:TCX -2.627e-01 3.874e-02 -6.782 1.43e-11 ***
## vowelu:TCX -1.727e-01 4.978e-02 -3.469 0.000529 ***
## vowela:TCY 7.046e-01 7.007e-02 10.055 < 2e-16 ***
## vowelae:TCY -1.264e-02 4.619e-02 -0.274 0.784300
## voweli:TCY 1.008e-01 3.938e-02 2.560 0.010529 *
## vowelu:TCY -9.787e-02 3.724e-02 -2.628 0.008639 **
## vowela:TTX -3.732e-02 1.870e-02 -1.995 0.046086 *
## vowelae:TTX -1.523e-02 1.806e-02 -0.843 0.399106
## voweli:TTX -5.401e-03 1.533e-02 -0.352 0.724659
## vowelu:TTX 4.173e-02 1.742e-02 2.396 0.016639 *
## vowela:TTY 1.267e-01 1.994e-02 6.357 2.38e-10 ***
## vowelae:TTY 1.315e-01 2.805e-02 4.686 2.91e-06 ***
## voweli:TTY 5.986e-02 1.681e-02 3.561 0.000375 ***
## vowelu:TTY -1.244e-01 1.493e-02 -8.336 < 2e-16 ***
## vowela:TBX 5.932e-02 1.058e-02 5.604 2.28e-08 ***
## vowelae:TBX 2.019e-02 1.686e-02 1.197 0.231218
## voweli:TBX 1.039e-01 1.624e-02 6.396 1.85e-10 ***
## vowelu:TBX 1.361e-02 1.221e-02 1.115 0.265093
## vowela:TBY 2.034e-01 1.820e-02 11.179 < 2e-16 ***
## vowelae:TBY 6.141e-02 3.118e-02 1.970 0.048965 *
## voweli:TBY 2.234e-01 3.098e-02 7.211 7.04e-13 ***
## vowelu:TBY 3.482e-02 1.836e-02 1.896 0.058008 .
## vowela:hyoidX 5.092e-01 4.440e-02 11.469 < 2e-16 ***
## vowelae:hyoidX -7.285e-02 4.208e-02 -1.731 0.083509 .
## voweli:hyoidX -3.540e-01 3.683e-02 -9.612 < 2e-16 ***
## vowelu:hyoidX -9.430e-02 3.237e-02 -2.913 0.003608 **
## vowela:hyoidY -2.352e-01 9.572e-02 -2.457 0.014062 *
## vowelae:hyoidY 4.056e-01 1.056e-01 3.840 0.000126 ***
## voweli:hyoidY 4.295e-01 9.464e-02 4.539 5.88e-06 ***
## vowelu:hyoidY 4.965e-01 9.053e-02 5.485 4.49e-08 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.2026 on 2928 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.8799, Adjusted R-squared: 0.8769
## F-statistic: 302 on 71 and 2928 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16| DVs, interactions & R2 | F1-F5.err |
|---|---|
| VTRatio | -1.4e+02 (2e-62***) |
| VTRatio^2 | 1.6e+02 (2.1e-72***) |
| vowel | . (0***) |
| JA | -0.0031 (0.59) |
| LP | -0.011 (0.59) |
| LD | -0.0012 (0.9) |
| TCX | 0.37 (1.1e-23***) |
| TCY | -0.0081 (0.72) |
| TTX | 0.0015 (0.9) |
| TTY | -0.065 (7.9e-09***) |
| TBX | -0.059 (5e-21***) |
| TBY | -0.048 (7.4e-06***) |
| hyoidX | 0.0084 (0.7) |
| hyoidY | -0.19 (0.0031**) |
| replication | -0.00015 (0.26) |
| generation | -0.00036 (3.5e-16***) |
| VTRatio:vowel | . (5.9e-259***) |
| VTRatio^2:vowel | . (1.4e-115***) |
| vowel:JA | . (7.3e-18***) |
| vowel:LP | . (3.4e-15***) |
| vowel:LD | . (7.3e-12***) |
| vowel:TCX | . (3.2e-25***) |
| vowel:TCY | . (5.1e-27***) |
| vowel:TTX | . (0.00078***) |
| vowel:TTY | . (2.2e-40***) |
| vowel:TBX | . (7.3e-07***) |
| vowel:TBY | . (3.9e-25***) |
| vowel:hyoidX | . (2.6e-56***) |
| vowel:hyoidY | . (5.2e-18***) |
| adjusted R2 | 87.7% |
## Analysis of Variance Table
##
## Response: acoustic.err
## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## vowel 4 255.48 63.87 864.5190 <2e-16 ***
## VTRatio 1 67.94 67.94 919.5902 <2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2) 1 327.18 327.18 4428.6526 <2e-16 ***
## replication 1 0.00 0.00 0.0121 0.9126
## vowel:VTRatio 4 77.46 19.36 262.1142 <2e-16 ***
## vowel:I(VTRatio^2) 4 51.70 12.93 174.9597 <2e-16 ***
## Residuals 2984 220.45 0.07
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Warning in replications(paste("~", xx), data = mf): non-factors ignored:
## VTRatio## Warning in replications(paste("~", xx), data = mf): non-factors ignored:
## I(VTRatio^2)## Warning in replications(paste("~", xx), data = mf): non-factors ignored:
## replication## Warning in replications(paste("~", xx), data = mf): non-factors ignored:
## vowel, VTRatio## Warning in replications(paste("~", xx), data = mf): non-factors ignored:
## vowel, I(VTRatio^2)## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = lm.euclid.dist)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa 0.31471076 0.271878392 0.35754314 0.0000000
## ae-schwa 0.17299662 0.130164251 0.21582900 0.0000000
## i-schwa 0.34905558 0.306223210 0.39188796 0.0000000
## u-schwa 0.87065452 0.827822144 0.91348689 0.0000000
## ae-a -0.14171414 -0.184546513 -0.09888177 0.0000000
## i-a 0.03434482 -0.008487554 0.07717719 0.1842141
## u-a 0.55594375 0.513111380 0.59877613 0.0000000
## i-ae 0.17605896 0.133226587 0.21889133 0.0000000
## u-ae 0.69765789 0.654825521 0.74049027 0.0000000
## u-i 0.52159893 0.478766562 0.56443131 0.0000000##
## Call:
## lm(formula = acoustic.err ~ vowel + VTRatio + I(VTRatio^2) +
## (vowel:VTRatio) + (vowel:I(VTRatio^2)) + replication, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -1.21945 -0.18380 -0.03877 0.14912 1.42829
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 2.596e+01 1.252e+00 20.731 < 2e-16 ***
## vowela 1.305e+01 1.832e+00 7.123 1.32e-12 ***
## vowelae 2.107e+01 2.073e+00 10.162 < 2e-16 ***
## voweli 9.243e+00 1.747e+00 5.292 1.30e-07 ***
## vowelu 4.145e+01 1.770e+00 23.422 < 2e-16 ***
## VTRatio -1.103e+02 5.552e+00 -19.859 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2) 1.173e+02 6.106e+00 19.217 < 2e-16 ***
## replication 2.419e-05 1.719e-04 0.141 0.888
## vowela:VTRatio -5.406e+01 8.110e+00 -6.666 3.12e-11 ***
## vowelae:VTRatio -8.756e+01 9.122e+00 -9.599 < 2e-16 ***
## voweli:VTRatio -3.902e+01 7.736e+00 -5.044 4.83e-07 ***
## vowelu:VTRatio -1.869e+02 7.850e+00 -23.809 < 2e-16 ***
## vowela:I(VTRatio^2) 5.682e+01 8.909e+00 6.377 2.08e-10 ***
## vowelae:I(VTRatio^2) 9.095e+01 9.959e+00 9.132 < 2e-16 ***
## voweli:I(VTRatio^2) 4.247e+01 8.503e+00 4.995 6.21e-07 ***
## vowelu:I(VTRatio^2) 2.130e+02 8.640e+00 24.651 < 2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.2718 on 2984 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.7796, Adjusted R-squared: 0.7785
## F-statistic: 703.6 on 15 and 2984 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16| DVs, interactions & R2 | Euclid.dist |
|---|---|
| vowel | . (0***) |
| VTRatio | -1.1e+02 (1.6e-82***) |
| VTRatio^2 | 1.2e+02 (1.1e-77***) |
| replication | 2.4e-05 (0.89) |
| vowel:VTRatio | . (3e-193***) |
| vowel:VTRatio^2 | . (8.6e-135***) |
| adjusted R2 | 77.8% |
Is VT ratio compensated by other articulators?
## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## VTRatio 1 97 96.6 46.002 1.42e-11 ***
## I(VTRatio^2) 1 90 89.5 42.610 7.82e-11 ***
## vowel 4 2284 571.0 271.821 < 2e-16 ***
## replication 1 0 0.1 0.068 0.795
## generation 1 461 461.3 219.587 < 2e-16 ***
## VTRatio:vowel 4 285 71.3 33.953 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowel 4 125 31.2 14.864 4.96e-12 ***
## Residuals 2983 6266 2.1
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = ja.m0)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa -1.4188451 -1.6472365 -1.1904538 0.0000000
## ae-schwa -2.1863701 -2.4147615 -1.9579787 0.0000000
## i-schwa -0.6146635 -0.8430549 -0.3862721 0.0000000
## u-schwa 0.1051074 -0.1232840 0.3334988 0.7181736
## ae-a -0.7675250 -0.9959164 -0.5391336 0.0000000
## i-a 0.8041816 0.5757902 1.0325730 0.0000000
## u-a 1.5239525 1.2955611 1.7523439 0.0000000
## i-ae 1.5717066 1.3433152 1.8000980 0.0000000
## u-ae 2.2914775 2.0630861 2.5198689 0.0000000
## u-i 0.7197709 0.4913795 0.9481623 0.0000000##
## Call:
## lm(formula = JA ~ VTRatio + I(VTRatio^2) + vowel + (VTRatio:vowel) +
## (I(VTRatio^2):vowel) + replication + generation, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -3.9170 -0.8975 -0.0679 0.7434 4.5071
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -6.972e+01 6.796e+00 -10.259 < 2e-16 ***
## VTRatio 2.802e+02 3.009e+01 9.313 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2) -2.925e+02 3.308e+01 -8.840 < 2e-16 ***
## vowela 4.056e+01 9.786e+00 4.145 3.49e-05 ***
## vowelae 3.807e+01 1.106e+01 3.443 0.000582 ***
## voweli 6.365e+01 9.356e+00 6.803 1.24e-11 ***
## vowelu 7.474e+01 9.607e+00 7.779 9.99e-15 ***
## replication 3.096e-05 9.170e-04 0.034 0.973069
## generation -3.196e-03 2.803e-04 -11.401 < 2e-16 ***
## VTRatio:vowela -1.770e+02 4.332e+01 -4.085 4.52e-05 ***
## VTRatio:vowelae -1.727e+02 4.864e+01 -3.550 0.000391 ***
## VTRatio:voweli -2.797e+02 4.145e+01 -6.748 1.79e-11 ***
## VTRatio:vowelu -3.092e+02 4.259e+01 -7.261 4.89e-13 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowela 1.849e+02 4.758e+01 3.886 0.000104 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowelae 1.827e+02 5.311e+01 3.440 0.000589 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):voweli 3.013e+02 4.556e+01 6.613 4.45e-11 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowelu 3.166e+02 4.683e+01 6.761 1.64e-11 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 1.449 on 2983 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.3478, Adjusted R-squared: 0.3443
## F-statistic: 99.43 on 16 and 2983 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## VTRatio 1 85.8 85.80 465.210 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2) 1 0.7 0.75 4.053 0.044193 *
## vowel 4 358.3 89.58 485.655 < 2e-16 ***
## replication 1 0.1 0.11 0.617 0.432078
## generation 1 6.9 6.90 37.394 1.09e-09 ***
## VTRatio:vowel 4 45.6 11.40 61.801 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowel 4 4.1 1.03 5.606 0.000171 ***
## Residuals 2983 550.2 0.18
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = lp.m0)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa -0.14674552 -0.214422890 -0.07906815 0.000000
## ae-schwa -0.43553221 -0.503209585 -0.36785484 0.000000
## i-schwa 0.06157664 -0.006100734 0.12925401 0.094632
## u-schwa 0.61863029 0.550952917 0.68630766 0.000000
## ae-a -0.28878670 -0.356464067 -0.22110932 0.000000
## i-a 0.20832216 0.140644785 0.27599953 0.000000
## u-a 0.76537581 0.697698435 0.83305318 0.000000
## i-ae 0.49710885 0.429431480 0.56478622 0.000000
## u-ae 1.05416250 0.986485130 1.12183987 0.000000
## u-i 0.55705365 0.489376279 0.62473102 0.000000##
## Call:
## lm(formula = LP ~ VTRatio + I(VTRatio^2) + vowel + (VTRatio:vowel) +
## (I(VTRatio^2):vowel) + replication + generation, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -1.80886 -0.22899 0.07017 0.28533 1.44607
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -1.229e+01 2.014e+00 -6.102 1.18e-09 ***
## VTRatio 4.735e+01 8.916e+00 5.310 1.18e-07 ***
## I(VTRatio^2) -4.474e+01 9.803e+00 -4.564 5.23e-06 ***
## vowela 1.307e+01 2.900e+00 4.509 6.77e-06 ***
## vowelae 3.815e+00 3.276e+00 1.165 0.244252
## voweli 7.605e+00 2.772e+00 2.743 0.006127 **
## vowelu 9.395e+00 2.847e+00 3.300 0.000978 ***
## replication -1.494e-04 2.717e-04 -0.550 0.582453
## generation 7.567e-04 8.307e-05 9.110 < 2e-16 ***
## VTRatio:vowela -5.699e+01 1.284e+01 -4.439 9.37e-06 ***
## VTRatio:vowelae -1.242e+01 1.441e+01 -0.862 0.388934
## VTRatio:voweli -3.393e+01 1.228e+01 -2.763 0.005767 **
## VTRatio:vowelu -3.334e+01 1.262e+01 -2.641 0.008299 **
## I(VTRatio^2):vowela 6.063e+01 1.410e+01 4.300 1.76e-05 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowelae 6.738e+00 1.574e+01 0.428 0.668591
## I(VTRatio^2):voweli 3.782e+01 1.350e+01 2.801 0.005125 **
## I(VTRatio^2):vowelu 3.024e+01 1.388e+01 2.179 0.029374 *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.4295 on 2983 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.4769, Adjusted R-squared: 0.4741
## F-statistic: 170 on 16 and 2983 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## VTRatio 1 212.6 212.6 292.485 <2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2) 1 0.1 0.1 0.131 0.717
## vowel 4 1748.7 437.2 601.394 <2e-16 ***
## replication 1 0.6 0.6 0.851 0.356
## generation 1 1.7 1.7 2.369 0.124
## VTRatio:vowel 4 148.0 37.0 50.895 <2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowel 4 8.6 2.1 2.951 0.019 *
## Residuals 2983 2168.5 0.7
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = ld.m0)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa 0.4250860 0.2907280 0.55944391 0.0000000
## ae-schwa 0.6692683 0.5349103 0.80362619 0.0000000
## i-schwa -0.2096318 -0.3439898 -0.07527389 0.0002057
## u-schwa -1.5224091 -1.6567671 -1.38805120 0.0000000
## ae-a 0.2441823 0.1098243 0.37854021 0.0000074
## i-a -0.6347178 -0.7690757 -0.50035987 0.0000000
## u-a -1.9474951 -2.0818530 -1.81313718 0.0000000
## i-ae -0.8789001 -1.0132580 -0.74454214 0.0000000
## u-ae -2.1916774 -2.3260353 -2.05731945 0.0000000
## u-i -1.3127773 -1.4471352 -1.17841938 0.0000000##
## Call:
## lm(formula = LD ~ VTRatio + I(VTRatio^2) + vowel + (VTRatio:vowel) +
## (I(VTRatio^2):vowel) + replication + generation, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -3.1135 -0.4766 -0.1655 0.4680 3.3911
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 1.227e+01 3.998e+00 3.068 0.00217 **
## VTRatio -3.373e+01 1.770e+01 -1.905 0.05683 .
## I(VTRatio^2) 2.373e+01 1.946e+01 1.219 0.22275
## vowela -1.544e+01 5.757e+00 -2.681 0.00737 **
## vowelae 6.677e-01 6.503e+00 0.103 0.91824
## voweli -8.820e+00 5.504e+00 -1.603 0.10915
## vowelu -6.712e+00 5.652e+00 -1.188 0.23506
## replication -5.239e-04 5.394e-04 -0.971 0.33149
## generation -2.323e-04 1.649e-04 -1.409 0.15905
## VTRatio:vowela 6.461e+01 2.549e+01 2.535 0.01130 *
## VTRatio:vowelae -1.203e+01 2.861e+01 -0.421 0.67412
## VTRatio:voweli 3.880e+01 2.438e+01 1.591 0.11168
## VTRatio:vowelu 1.270e+01 2.505e+01 0.507 0.61239
## I(VTRatio^2):vowela -6.466e+01 2.799e+01 -2.310 0.02094 *
## I(VTRatio^2):vowelae 2.627e+01 3.124e+01 0.841 0.40056
## I(VTRatio^2):voweli -4.332e+01 2.680e+01 -1.616 0.10611
## I(VTRatio^2):vowelu -2.561e+00 2.755e+01 -0.093 0.92595
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.8526 on 2983 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.4944, Adjusted R-squared: 0.4917
## F-statistic: 182.3 on 16 and 2983 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## VTRatio 1 16 16.0 83.48 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2) 1 255 255.3 1335.10 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel 4 3801 950.3 4969.98 < 2e-16 ***
## replication 1 0 0.2 1.05 0.306
## generation 1 8 7.9 41.21 1.59e-10 ***
## VTRatio:vowel 4 472 118.0 617.05 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowel 4 289 72.2 377.72 < 2e-16 ***
## Residuals 2983 570 0.2
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = tcx.m0)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa -0.3015031 -0.3704093 -0.23259689 0.00e+00
## ae-schwa 1.2917062 1.2228000 1.36061243 0.00e+00
## i-schwa 2.6520663 2.5831600 2.72097248 0.00e+00
## u-schwa -0.1226092 -0.1915154 -0.05370297 1.24e-05
## ae-a 1.5932093 1.5243031 1.66211553 0.00e+00
## i-a 2.9535694 2.8846631 3.02247559 0.00e+00
## u-a 0.1788939 0.1099877 0.24780014 0.00e+00
## i-ae 1.3603601 1.2914538 1.42926628 0.00e+00
## u-ae -1.4143154 -1.4832216 -1.34540918 0.00e+00
## u-i -2.7746755 -2.8435817 -2.70576923 0.00e+00##
## Call:
## lm(formula = TCX ~ VTRatio + I(VTRatio^2) + vowel + (VTRatio:vowel) +
## (I(VTRatio^2):vowel) + replication + generation, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -2.3860 -0.1648 -0.0227 0.1489 3.2585
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -1.326e+01 2.050e+00 -6.468 1.15e-10 ***
## VTRatio 5.575e+01 9.078e+00 6.141 9.27e-10 ***
## I(VTRatio^2) -5.975e+01 9.981e+00 -5.987 2.40e-09 ***
## vowela 5.347e+00 2.952e+00 1.811 0.07023 .
## vowelae 8.735e+00 3.335e+00 2.619 0.00886 **
## voweli -8.257e+01 2.823e+00 -29.251 < 2e-16 ***
## vowelu 1.339e+01 2.899e+00 4.621 3.98e-06 ***
## replication 2.972e-04 2.766e-04 1.074 0.28286
## generation -4.715e-05 8.457e-05 -0.558 0.57722
## VTRatio:vowela -2.457e+01 1.307e+01 -1.880 0.06020 .
## VTRatio:vowelae -1.557e+01 1.467e+01 -1.061 0.28876
## VTRatio:voweli 3.659e+02 1.250e+01 29.263 < 2e-16 ***
## VTRatio:vowelu -6.513e+01 1.285e+01 -5.069 4.24e-07 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowela 2.653e+01 1.435e+01 1.848 0.06465 .
## I(VTRatio^2):vowelae -1.531e+00 1.602e+01 -0.096 0.92389
## I(VTRatio^2):voweli -3.887e+02 1.375e+01 -28.279 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowelu 7.736e+01 1.413e+01 5.476 4.72e-08 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.4373 on 2983 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.8946, Adjusted R-squared: 0.894
## F-statistic: 1582 on 16 and 2983 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## VTRatio 1 239.7 239.66 2157.597 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2) 1 7.2 7.25 65.241 9.52e-16 ***
## vowel 4 775.2 193.79 1744.632 < 2e-16 ***
## replication 1 0.0 0.05 0.409 0.522
## generation 1 2.2 2.16 19.452 1.07e-05 ***
## VTRatio:vowel 4 142.7 35.68 321.190 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowel 4 33.3 8.32 74.869 < 2e-16 ***
## Residuals 2983 331.3 0.11
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = tcy.m0)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa -0.35923000 -0.41175066 -0.3067093 0.0000000
## ae-schwa -0.28160479 -0.33412545 -0.2290841 0.0000000
## i-schwa 0.99696196 0.94444130 1.0494826 0.0000000
## u-schwa 0.47650375 0.42398309 0.5290244 0.0000000
## ae-a 0.07762521 0.02510455 0.1301459 0.0005381
## i-a 1.35619196 1.30367130 1.4087126 0.0000000
## u-a 0.83573375 0.78321309 0.8882544 0.0000000
## i-ae 1.27856675 1.22604609 1.3310874 0.0000000
## u-ae 0.75810854 0.70558788 0.8106292 0.0000000
## u-i -0.52045821 -0.57297886 -0.4679376 0.0000000##
## Call:
## lm(formula = TCY ~ VTRatio + I(VTRatio^2) + vowel + (VTRatio:vowel) +
## (I(VTRatio^2):vowel) + replication + generation, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -1.60082 -0.11231 0.02532 0.17679 0.85886
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -2.556e+01 1.563e+00 -16.355 < 2e-16 ***
## VTRatio 9.492e+01 6.919e+00 13.719 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2) -9.362e+01 7.607e+00 -12.306 < 2e-16 ***
## vowela 2.394e+01 2.250e+00 10.637 < 2e-16 ***
## vowelae 3.393e+01 2.542e+00 13.346 < 2e-16 ***
## voweli 7.531e+00 2.152e+00 3.500 0.000471 ***
## vowelu 1.645e+01 2.209e+00 7.448 1.23e-13 ***
## replication 1.657e-04 2.109e-04 0.786 0.431971
## generation -1.822e-06 6.446e-05 -0.028 0.977454
## VTRatio:vowela -1.104e+02 9.963e+00 -11.082 < 2e-16 ***
## VTRatio:vowelae -1.499e+02 1.119e+01 -13.405 < 2e-16 ***
## VTRatio:voweli -1.703e+01 9.531e+00 -1.787 0.074018 .
## VTRatio:vowelu -6.634e+01 9.794e+00 -6.773 1.51e-11 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowela 1.241e+02 1.094e+01 11.344 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowelae 1.628e+02 1.221e+01 13.328 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):voweli 5.595e+00 1.048e+01 0.534 0.593386
## I(VTRatio^2):vowelu 6.788e+01 1.077e+01 6.304 3.34e-10 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.3333 on 2983 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.7837, Adjusted R-squared: 0.7825
## F-statistic: 675.3 on 16 and 2983 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## VTRatio 1 69.7 69.72 106.683 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2) 1 30.6 30.64 46.886 9.10e-12 ***
## vowel 4 206.0 51.51 78.828 < 2e-16 ***
## replication 1 0.1 0.10 0.158 0.69060
## generation 1 6.1 6.11 9.354 0.00225 **
## VTRatio:vowel 4 51.8 12.94 19.803 4.18e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowel 4 81.4 20.36 31.150 < 2e-16 ***
## Residuals 2983 1949.3 0.65
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = ttx.m0)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa -0.22458537 -0.35197355 -0.09719720 0.0000155
## ae-schwa -0.29881731 -0.42620549 -0.17142913 0.0000000
## i-schwa -0.05597787 -0.18336605 0.07141031 0.7517734
## u-schwa -0.74089991 -0.86828809 -0.61351173 0.0000000
## ae-a -0.07423193 -0.20162011 0.05315625 0.5035769
## i-a 0.16860750 0.04121932 0.29599568 0.0028463
## u-a -0.51631454 -0.64370272 -0.38892636 0.0000000
## i-ae 0.24283944 0.11545126 0.37022761 0.0000021
## u-ae -0.44208260 -0.56947078 -0.31469442 0.0000000
## u-i -0.68492204 -0.81231022 -0.55753386 0.0000000##
## Call:
## lm(formula = TTX ~ VTRatio + I(VTRatio^2) + vowel + (VTRatio:vowel) +
## (I(VTRatio^2):vowel) + replication + generation, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -2.54546 -0.56528 0.02582 0.48628 2.88167
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 2.629e+01 3.791e+00 6.936 4.93e-12 ***
## VTRatio -9.485e+01 1.678e+01 -5.652 1.74e-08 ***
## I(VTRatio^2) 9.743e+01 1.845e+01 5.280 1.38e-07 ***
## vowela 1.810e+01 5.458e+00 3.316 0.000925 ***
## vowelae -6.798e+00 6.166e+00 -1.102 0.270360
## voweli -4.296e+01 5.219e+00 -8.232 2.73e-16 ***
## vowelu -7.295e+00 5.359e+00 -1.361 0.173498
## replication -2.399e-04 5.114e-04 -0.469 0.639025
## generation -4.208e-04 1.564e-04 -2.691 0.007154 **
## VTRatio:vowela -8.144e+01 2.416e+01 -3.370 0.000761 ***
## VTRatio:vowelae 2.731e+01 2.713e+01 1.007 0.314230
## VTRatio:voweli 1.823e+02 2.312e+01 7.884 4.42e-15 ***
## VTRatio:vowelu 2.558e+01 2.375e+01 1.077 0.281554
## I(VTRatio^2):vowela 8.974e+01 2.654e+01 3.381 0.000730 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowelae -2.835e+01 2.962e+01 -0.957 0.338549
## I(VTRatio^2):voweli -1.914e+02 2.541e+01 -7.534 6.50e-14 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowelu -2.415e+01 2.612e+01 -0.925 0.355231
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.8084 on 2983 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1861, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1818
## F-statistic: 42.64 on 16 and 2983 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## VTRatio 1 540.8 540.8 906.29 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2) 1 285.1 285.1 477.79 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel 4 211.9 53.0 88.79 < 2e-16 ***
## replication 1 0.1 0.1 0.22 0.639
## generation 1 39.0 39.0 65.43 8.66e-16 ***
## VTRatio:vowel 4 200.3 50.1 83.90 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowel 4 53.9 13.5 22.57 < 2e-16 ***
## Residuals 2983 1780.0 0.6
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = tty.m0)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa -0.29837990 -0.42011074 -0.1766491 0.0000000
## ae-schwa -0.32031634 -0.44204717 -0.1985855 0.0000000
## i-schwa 0.05813804 -0.06359279 0.1798689 0.6890293
## u-schwa 0.40309833 0.28136749 0.5248292 0.0000000
## ae-a -0.02193643 -0.14366727 0.0997944 0.9881375
## i-a 0.35651795 0.23478711 0.4782488 0.0000000
## u-a 0.70147823 0.57974739 0.8232091 0.0000000
## i-ae 0.37845438 0.25672355 0.5001852 0.0000000
## u-ae 0.72341466 0.60168383 0.8451455 0.0000000
## u-i 0.34496028 0.22322945 0.4666911 0.0000000##
## Call:
## lm(formula = TTY ~ VTRatio + I(VTRatio^2) + vowel + (VTRatio:vowel) +
## (I(VTRatio^2):vowel) + replication + generation, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -2.93819 -0.49788 0.06723 0.58266 2.02239
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 3.451e+01 3.622e+00 9.528 < 2e-16 ***
## VTRatio -1.696e+02 1.604e+01 -10.577 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2) 1.988e+02 1.763e+01 11.273 < 2e-16 ***
## vowela -7.054e+00 5.216e+00 -1.352 0.176333
## vowelae 2.188e+00 5.892e+00 0.371 0.710375
## voweli 1.171e+01 4.987e+00 2.349 0.018904 *
## vowelu -3.611e+01 5.121e+00 -7.052 2.19e-12 ***
## replication -1.848e-04 4.887e-04 -0.378 0.705404
## generation 5.037e-04 1.494e-04 3.371 0.000758 ***
## VTRatio:vowela 2.827e+01 2.309e+01 1.224 0.221029
## VTRatio:vowelae -1.487e+01 2.592e+01 -0.574 0.566261
## VTRatio:voweli -3.824e+01 2.209e+01 -1.731 0.083538 .
## VTRatio:vowelu 1.624e+02 2.270e+01 7.154 1.06e-12 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowela -2.928e+01 2.536e+01 -1.155 0.248275
## I(VTRatio^2):vowelae 2.046e+01 2.831e+01 0.723 0.469963
## I(VTRatio^2):voweli 2.732e+01 2.428e+01 1.125 0.260598
## I(VTRatio^2):vowelu -1.790e+02 2.496e+01 -7.171 9.34e-13 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.7725 on 2983 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.4279, Adjusted R-squared: 0.4248
## F-statistic: 139.4 on 16 and 2983 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## VTRatio 1 1 1.49 1.214 0.270691
## I(VTRatio^2) 1 0 0.37 0.298 0.585195
## vowel 4 950 237.44 193.783 < 2e-16 ***
## replication 1 0 0.30 0.247 0.619006
## generation 1 16 15.81 12.902 0.000333 ***
## VTRatio:vowel 4 241 60.25 49.174 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowel 4 80 19.98 16.306 3.21e-13 ***
## Residuals 2983 3655 1.23
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = tbx.m0)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa -0.2457704 -0.4202039 -0.07133692 0.0011593
## ae-schwa 0.4448208 0.2703873 0.61925428 0.0000000
## i-schwa 1.0271992 0.8527657 1.20163266 0.0000000
## u-schwa -0.5909198 -0.7653533 -0.41648633 0.0000000
## ae-a 0.6905912 0.5161577 0.86502469 0.0000000
## i-a 1.2729696 1.0985361 1.44740308 0.0000000
## u-a -0.3451494 -0.5195829 -0.17071592 0.0000007
## i-ae 0.5823784 0.4079449 0.75681188 0.0000000
## u-ae -1.0357406 -1.2101741 -0.86130712 0.0000000
## u-i -1.6181190 -1.7925525 -1.44368551 0.0000000##
## Call:
## lm(formula = TBX ~ VTRatio + I(VTRatio^2) + vowel + (VTRatio:vowel) +
## (I(VTRatio^2):vowel) + replication + generation, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -2.7123 -0.7413 -0.0707 0.7779 3.2861
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 2.012e+01 5.191e+00 3.876 0.000109 ***
## VTRatio -7.826e+01 2.298e+01 -3.406 0.000669 ***
## I(VTRatio^2) 7.950e+01 2.527e+01 3.146 0.001669 **
## vowela -4.917e+00 7.474e+00 -0.658 0.510688
## vowelae -5.370e-01 8.443e+00 -0.064 0.949291
## voweli -5.187e+01 7.146e+00 -7.259 4.96e-13 ***
## vowelu -1.251e+01 7.338e+00 -1.705 0.088226 .
## replication -2.975e-04 7.003e-04 -0.425 0.671042
## generation 6.885e-04 2.141e-04 3.216 0.001314 **
## VTRatio:vowela 7.520e+00 3.309e+01 0.227 0.820242
## VTRatio:vowelae 8.437e+00 3.715e+01 0.227 0.820344
## VTRatio:voweli 2.228e+02 3.165e+01 7.037 2.43e-12 ***
## VTRatio:vowelu 4.435e+01 3.253e+01 1.363 0.172869
## I(VTRatio^2):vowela 6.002e+00 3.634e+01 0.165 0.868814
## I(VTRatio^2):vowelae -1.341e+01 4.056e+01 -0.331 0.740912
## I(VTRatio^2):voweli -2.317e+02 3.480e+01 -6.659 3.27e-11 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowelu -3.956e+01 3.576e+01 -1.106 0.268819
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 1.107 on 2983 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.2607, Adjusted R-squared: 0.2567
## F-statistic: 65.73 on 16 and 2983 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## VTRatio 1 50.8 50.8 97.02 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2) 1 0.1 0.1 0.10 0.751494
## vowel 4 1784.1 446.0 851.23 < 2e-16 ***
## replication 1 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.999265
## generation 1 6.3 6.3 12.06 0.000522 ***
## VTRatio:vowel 4 77.2 19.3 36.85 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowel 4 61.5 15.4 29.34 < 2e-16 ***
## Residuals 2983 1563.1 0.5
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = tby.m0)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa -1.29123003 -1.4053011 -1.17715898 0.0000000
## ae-schwa -0.42475277 -0.5388238 -0.31068172 0.0000000
## i-schwa 1.10212114 0.9880501 1.21619219 0.0000000
## u-schwa -0.07764574 -0.1917168 0.03642531 0.3405815
## ae-a 0.86647725 0.7524062 0.98054831 0.0000000
## i-a 2.39335117 2.2792801 2.50742222 0.0000000
## u-a 1.21358429 1.0995132 1.32765534 0.0000000
## i-ae 1.52687391 1.4128029 1.64094497 0.0000000
## u-ae 0.34710704 0.2330360 0.46117809 0.0000000
## u-i -1.17976688 -1.2938379 -1.06569583 0.0000000##
## Call:
## lm(formula = TBY ~ VTRatio + I(VTRatio^2) + vowel + (VTRatio:vowel) +
## (I(VTRatio^2):vowel) + replication + generation, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -2.8343 -0.4214 0.1032 0.4856 2.0213
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 3.000e+01 3.394e+00 8.839 < 2e-16 ***
## VTRatio -1.324e+02 1.503e+01 -8.808 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2) 1.466e+02 1.652e+01 8.872 < 2e-16 ***
## vowela -4.403e+01 4.888e+00 -9.009 < 2e-16 ***
## vowelae -3.057e+01 5.521e+00 -5.537 3.34e-08 ***
## voweli -4.339e+01 4.673e+00 -9.286 < 2e-16 ***
## vowelu -3.816e+01 4.798e+00 -7.953 2.57e-15 ***
## replication -1.380e-05 4.580e-04 -0.030 0.976
## generation 8.545e-06 1.400e-04 0.061 0.951
## VTRatio:vowela 1.894e+02 2.164e+01 8.754 < 2e-16 ***
## VTRatio:vowelae 1.274e+02 2.429e+01 5.243 1.69e-07 ***
## VTRatio:voweli 1.996e+02 2.070e+01 9.644 < 2e-16 ***
## VTRatio:vowelu 1.618e+02 2.127e+01 7.604 3.81e-14 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowela -2.079e+02 2.376e+01 -8.747 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowelae -1.330e+02 2.653e+01 -5.012 5.70e-07 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):voweli -2.217e+02 2.276e+01 -9.744 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowelu -1.697e+02 2.339e+01 -7.257 5.01e-13 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.7239 on 2983 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.5589, Adjusted R-squared: 0.5565
## F-statistic: 236.2 on 16 and 2983 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## VTRatio 1 5.14 5.14 109.899 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2) 1 8.81 8.81 188.169 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel 4 167.56 41.89 895.065 < 2e-16 ***
## replication 1 0.04 0.04 0.943 0.332
## generation 1 1.99 1.99 42.618 7.79e-11 ***
## VTRatio:vowel 4 33.03 8.26 176.462 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowel 4 1.56 0.39 8.353 1.07e-06 ***
## Residuals 2983 139.60 0.05
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = hx.m0)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa -0.29974587 -0.33383668 -0.26565507 0.0000000
## ae-schwa -0.21643711 -0.25052792 -0.18234631 0.0000000
## i-schwa 0.28933473 0.25524393 0.32342554 0.0000000
## u-schwa 0.24194638 0.20785557 0.27603718 0.0000000
## ae-a 0.08330876 0.04921796 0.11739956 0.0000000
## i-a 0.58908061 0.55498980 0.62317141 0.0000000
## u-a 0.54169225 0.50760145 0.57578305 0.0000000
## i-ae 0.50577185 0.47168104 0.53986265 0.0000000
## u-ae 0.45838349 0.42429269 0.49247429 0.0000000
## u-i -0.04738836 -0.08147916 -0.01329755 0.0014212##
## Call:
## lm(formula = HX ~ VTRatio + I(VTRatio^2) + vowel + (VTRatio:vowel) +
## (I(VTRatio^2):vowel) + replication + generation, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.74661 -0.11349 -0.01116 0.12197 0.88658
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -9.501e+00 1.014e+00 -9.366 < 2e-16 ***
## VTRatio 4.297e+01 4.491e+00 9.568 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2) -4.582e+01 4.938e+00 -9.279 < 2e-16 ***
## vowela 5.956e+00 1.461e+00 4.077 4.67e-05 ***
## vowelae -8.549e-01 1.650e+00 -0.518 0.604429
## voweli 7.888e+00 1.397e+00 5.648 1.77e-08 ***
## vowelu 5.931e+00 1.434e+00 4.136 3.63e-05 ***
## replication -1.567e-04 1.369e-04 -1.145 0.252284
## generation -3.298e-04 4.184e-05 -7.881 4.51e-15 ***
## VTRatio:vowela -2.798e+01 6.467e+00 -4.327 1.56e-05 ***
## VTRatio:vowelae 3.602e+00 7.260e+00 0.496 0.619862
## VTRatio:voweli -2.747e+01 6.186e+00 -4.440 9.33e-06 ***
## VTRatio:vowelu -2.229e+01 6.357e+00 -3.507 0.000460 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowela 3.106e+01 7.102e+00 4.373 1.27e-05 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowelae -4.876e+00 7.927e+00 -0.615 0.538546
## I(VTRatio^2):voweli 2.334e+01 6.801e+00 3.432 0.000608 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowelu 2.137e+01 6.990e+00 3.057 0.002253 **
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.2163 on 2983 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.6098, Adjusted R-squared: 0.6077
## F-statistic: 291.3 on 16 and 2983 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## VTRatio 1 952.7 952.7 51187.014 <2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2) 1 26.8 26.8 1439.735 <2e-16 ***
## vowel 4 6.5 1.6 87.404 <2e-16 ***
## replication 1 0.0 0.0 0.062 0.8031
## generation 1 0.1 0.1 6.501 0.0108 *
## VTRatio:vowel 4 2.3 0.6 30.755 <2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowel 4 2.0 0.5 26.679 <2e-16 ***
## Residuals 2983 55.5 0.0
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = hy.m0)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa 0.001891314 -0.01960701 0.023389639 0.9992663
## ae-schwa 0.066022343 0.04452402 0.087520668 0.0000000
## i-schwa -0.031281336 -0.05277966 -0.009783011 0.0006972
## u-schwa -0.076075012 -0.09757334 -0.054576687 0.0000000
## ae-a 0.064131029 0.04263270 0.085629354 0.0000000
## i-a -0.033172650 -0.05467097 -0.011674325 0.0002526
## u-a -0.077966326 -0.09946465 -0.056468001 0.0000000
## i-ae -0.097303679 -0.11880200 -0.075805354 0.0000000
## u-ae -0.142097355 -0.16359568 -0.120599030 0.0000000
## u-i -0.044793676 -0.06629200 -0.023295351 0.0000001##
## Call:
## lm(formula = HY ~ VTRatio + I(VTRatio^2) + vowel + (VTRatio:vowel) +
## (I(VTRatio^2):vowel) + replication + generation, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.53399 -0.10757 0.00335 0.09809 0.35259
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -2.541e+01 6.397e-01 -39.724 < 2e-16 ***
## VTRatio 7.866e+01 2.832e+00 27.774 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2) -7.140e+01 3.114e+00 -22.930 < 2e-16 ***
## vowela 2.613e+00 9.211e-01 2.836 0.00459 **
## vowelae 1.109e+01 1.041e+00 10.657 < 2e-16 ***
## voweli 4.914e+00 8.807e-01 5.579 2.63e-08 ***
## vowelu 5.577e+00 9.043e-01 6.167 7.89e-10 ***
## replication 2.834e-05 8.631e-05 0.328 0.74266
## generation -2.825e-05 2.639e-05 -1.070 0.28450
## VTRatio:vowela -1.102e+01 4.078e+00 -2.701 0.00695 **
## VTRatio:vowelae -4.664e+01 4.578e+00 -10.187 < 2e-16 ***
## VTRatio:voweli -2.104e+01 3.901e+00 -5.394 7.42e-08 ***
## VTRatio:vowelu -2.435e+01 4.009e+00 -6.074 1.41e-09 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowela 1.148e+01 4.479e+00 2.564 0.01040 *
## I(VTRatio^2):vowelae 4.881e+01 4.999e+00 9.763 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):voweli 2.214e+01 4.289e+00 5.163 2.60e-07 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowelu 2.596e+01 4.408e+00 5.889 4.32e-09 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.1364 on 2983 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.9469, Adjusted R-squared: 0.9466
## F-statistic: 3326 on 16 and 2983 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## VTRatio 1 6.20 6.20 1797.245 <2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2) 1 19.74 19.74 5718.827 <2e-16 ***
## vowel 4 28.08 7.02 2034.602 <2e-16 ***
## LEN 1 240.79 240.79 69777.541 <2e-16 ***
## replication 1 0.00 0.00 0.018 0.893
## generation 1 0.40 0.40 115.819 <2e-16 ***
## VTRatio:vowel 4 1.08 0.27 78.196 <2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowel 4 0.82 0.20 59.056 <2e-16 ***
## Residuals 2982 10.29 0.00
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = hy_norm.m0)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa -0.00966916 -0.01892635 -0.000411967 0.0355306
## ae-schwa 0.10506210 0.09580491 0.114319296 0.0000000
## i-schwa -0.08902487 -0.09828206 -0.079767678 0.0000000
## u-schwa -0.18432645 -0.19358364 -0.175069258 0.0000000
## ae-a 0.11473126 0.10547407 0.123988456 0.0000000
## i-a -0.07935571 -0.08861290 -0.070098518 0.0000000
## u-a -0.17465729 -0.18391448 -0.165400098 0.0000000
## i-ae -0.19408697 -0.20334417 -0.184829781 0.0000000
## u-ae -0.28938855 -0.29864575 -0.280131361 0.0000000
## u-i -0.09530158 -0.10455877 -0.086044388 0.0000000##
## Call:
## lm(formula = HY_norm ~ VTRatio + I(VTRatio^2) + vowel + LEN +
## (VTRatio:vowel) + (I(VTRatio^2):vowel) + replication + generation,
## data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.172669 -0.033536 0.003652 0.034660 0.283161
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -5.624e+01 3.177e-01 -177.007 < 2e-16 ***
## VTRatio 1.323e+02 1.243e+00 106.454 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2) -9.408e+01 1.343e+00 -70.074 < 2e-16 ***
## vowela -1.414e+00 3.971e-01 -3.560 0.000377 ***
## vowelae -6.232e+00 4.558e-01 -13.674 < 2e-16 ***
## voweli 7.610e-01 3.811e-01 1.997 0.045923 *
## vowelu -2.768e-01 3.920e-01 -0.706 0.480220
## LEN -2.059e+00 7.972e-03 -258.282 < 2e-16 ***
## replication -9.179e-06 3.717e-05 -0.247 0.804954
## generation -1.133e-04 1.136e-05 -9.966 < 2e-16 ***
## VTRatio:vowela 6.101e+00 1.758e+00 3.470 0.000527 ***
## VTRatio:vowelae 2.636e+01 2.002e+00 13.166 < 2e-16 ***
## VTRatio:voweli -3.291e+00 1.688e+00 -1.950 0.051282 .
## VTRatio:vowelu 1.591e+00 1.737e+00 0.916 0.359832
## I(VTRatio^2):vowela -6.550e+00 1.930e+00 -3.393 0.000701 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowelae -2.774e+01 2.184e+00 -12.705 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):voweli 3.416e+00 1.854e+00 1.842 0.065543 .
## I(VTRatio^2):vowelu -2.229e+00 1.910e+00 -1.167 0.243266
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.05874 on 2982 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.9665, Adjusted R-squared: 0.9663
## F-statistic: 5065 on 17 and 2982 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## VTRatio 1 0.9 0.88 8.168 0.00429 **
## I(VTRatio^2) 1 26.8 26.82 250.257 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel 4 366.4 91.61 854.663 < 2e-16 ***
## replication 1 0.1 0.10 0.898 0.34338
## generation 1 4.7 4.70 43.824 4.24e-11 ***
## VTRatio:vowel 4 75.2 18.80 175.423 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowel 4 3.5 0.87 8.080 1.78e-06 ***
## Residuals 2983 319.7 0.11
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = hyoidx.m0)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa -0.44935250 -0.50094467 -0.39776033 0.0000000
## ae-schwa -0.31538428 -0.36697645 -0.26379212 0.0000000
## i-schwa 0.42960743 0.37801526 0.48119960 0.0000000
## u-schwa 0.35222135 0.30062918 0.40381352 0.0000000
## ae-a 0.13396822 0.08237605 0.18556038 0.0000000
## i-a 0.87895993 0.82736776 0.93055210 0.0000000
## u-a 0.80157385 0.74998169 0.85316602 0.0000000
## i-ae 0.74499171 0.69339955 0.79658388 0.0000000
## u-ae 0.66760563 0.61601347 0.71919780 0.0000000
## u-i -0.07738608 -0.12897825 -0.02579391 0.0004183##
## Call:
## lm(formula = hyoidX ~ VTRatio + I(VTRatio^2) + vowel + (VTRatio:vowel) +
## (I(VTRatio^2):vowel) + replication + generation, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -1.10914 -0.17807 -0.01253 0.18390 1.35190
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -1.857e+01 1.535e+00 -12.093 < 2e-16 ***
## VTRatio 7.552e+01 6.797e+00 11.110 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2) -7.876e+01 7.473e+00 -10.539 < 2e-16 ***
## vowela 9.301e+00 2.211e+00 4.208 2.66e-05 ***
## vowelae 2.736e-01 2.497e+00 0.110 0.912768
## voweli 1.252e+01 2.114e+00 5.925 3.48e-09 ***
## vowelu 9.679e+00 2.170e+00 4.460 8.51e-06 ***
## replication -2.310e-04 2.071e-04 -1.115 0.264778
## generation -4.986e-04 6.332e-05 -7.874 4.77e-15 ***
## VTRatio:vowela -4.353e+01 9.787e+00 -4.447 9.01e-06 ***
## VTRatio:vowelae -1.140e+00 1.099e+01 -0.104 0.917365
## VTRatio:voweli -4.416e+01 9.362e+00 -4.716 2.51e-06 ***
## VTRatio:vowelu -3.686e+01 9.621e+00 -3.831 0.000130 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowela 4.820e+01 1.075e+01 4.484 7.59e-06 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowelae -4.681e-01 1.200e+01 -0.039 0.968877
## I(VTRatio^2):voweli 3.812e+01 1.029e+01 3.704 0.000216 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowelu 3.570e+01 1.058e+01 3.374 0.000749 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.3274 on 2983 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.599, Adjusted R-squared: 0.5968
## F-statistic: 278.5 on 16 and 2983 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## VTRatio 1 952.5 952.5 51207.052 <2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2) 1 26.8 26.8 1442.053 <2e-16 ***
## vowel 4 6.5 1.6 87.435 <2e-16 ***
## replication 1 0.0 0.0 0.066 0.7970
## generation 1 0.1 0.1 6.524 0.0107 *
## VTRatio:vowel 4 2.3 0.6 30.848 <2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowel 4 2.0 0.5 26.573 <2e-16 ***
## Residuals 2983 55.5 0.0
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = hyoidy.m0)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa 0.001888475 -0.01960401 0.023380961 0.9992698
## ae-schwa 0.065949961 0.04445747 0.087442446 0.0000000
## i-schwa -0.031287140 -0.05277963 -0.009794654 0.0006920
## u-schwa -0.076136566 -0.09762905 -0.054644081 0.0000000
## ae-a 0.064061486 0.04256900 0.085553971 0.0000000
## i-a -0.033175615 -0.05466810 -0.011683129 0.0002509
## u-a -0.078025041 -0.09951753 -0.056532556 0.0000000
## i-ae -0.097237100 -0.11872959 -0.075744615 0.0000000
## u-ae -0.142086527 -0.16357901 -0.120594041 0.0000000
## u-i -0.044849427 -0.06634191 -0.023356941 0.0000001##
## Call:
## lm(formula = hyoidY ~ VTRatio + I(VTRatio^2) + vowel + (VTRatio:vowel) +
## (I(VTRatio^2):vowel) + replication + generation, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.53366 -0.10754 0.00337 0.09817 0.35263
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -2.541e+01 6.395e-01 -39.735 < 2e-16 ***
## VTRatio 7.866e+01 2.832e+00 27.781 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2) -7.140e+01 3.113e+00 -22.936 < 2e-16 ***
## vowela 2.613e+00 9.209e-01 2.837 0.00458 **
## vowelae 1.107e+01 1.040e+00 10.640 < 2e-16 ***
## voweli 4.913e+00 8.805e-01 5.581 2.61e-08 ***
## vowelu 5.565e+00 9.041e-01 6.155 8.51e-10 ***
## replication 2.900e-05 8.629e-05 0.336 0.73683
## generation -2.828e-05 2.638e-05 -1.072 0.28374
## VTRatio:vowela -1.101e+01 4.077e+00 -2.702 0.00694 **
## VTRatio:vowelae -4.655e+01 4.577e+00 -10.169 < 2e-16 ***
## VTRatio:voweli -2.104e+01 3.900e+00 -5.395 7.37e-08 ***
## VTRatio:vowelu -2.429e+01 4.008e+00 -6.061 1.52e-09 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowela 1.148e+01 4.477e+00 2.564 0.01039 *
## I(VTRatio^2):vowelae 4.870e+01 4.998e+00 9.745 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):voweli 2.214e+01 4.287e+00 5.164 2.58e-07 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowelu 2.589e+01 4.407e+00 5.875 4.68e-09 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.1364 on 2983 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.9469, Adjusted R-squared: 0.9467
## F-statistic: 3327 on 16 and 2983 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## VTRatio 1 8830 8830 46330.470 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2) 1 32 32 169.679 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel 4 2054 514 2694.817 < 2e-16 ***
## replication 1 0 0 0.023 0.879
## generation 1 3 3 17.459 3.02e-05 ***
## VTRatio:vowel 4 142 36 186.666 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowel 4 9 2 12.036 1.05e-09 ***
## Residuals 2983 568 0
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = pc1art.m0)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa -0.84081889 -0.90961292 -0.7720249 0.0000000
## ae-schwa -0.71801444 -0.78680847 -0.6492204 0.0000000
## i-schwa 1.02066711 0.95187308 1.0894611 0.0000000
## u-schwa 1.10377299 1.03497896 1.1725670 0.0000000
## ae-a 0.12280445 0.05401042 0.1915985 0.0000115
## i-a 1.86148599 1.79269197 1.9302800 0.0000000
## u-a 1.94459187 1.87579785 2.0133859 0.0000000
## i-ae 1.73868154 1.66988751 1.8074756 0.0000000
## u-ae 1.82178742 1.75299339 1.8905815 0.0000000
## u-i 0.08310588 0.01431185 0.1518999 0.0087504##
## Call:
## lm(formula = PC1.art ~ VTRatio + I(VTRatio^2) + vowel + (VTRatio:vowel) +
## (I(VTRatio^2):vowel) + replication + generation, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -2.09636 -0.24204 0.02471 0.28500 1.31616
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -4.227e+01 2.047e+00 -20.648 < 2e-16 ***
## VTRatio 1.409e+02 9.063e+00 15.546 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2) -1.047e+02 9.965e+00 -10.509 < 2e-16 ***
## vowela 1.394e+01 2.948e+00 4.728 2.37e-06 ***
## vowelae 2.130e+01 3.330e+00 6.396 1.84e-10 ***
## voweli 1.545e+01 2.818e+00 5.481 4.58e-08 ***
## vowelu 8.364e+00 2.894e+00 2.890 0.00388 **
## replication 8.537e-05 2.762e-04 0.309 0.75727
## generation 2.156e-04 8.444e-05 2.553 0.01073 *
## VTRatio:vowela -6.467e+01 1.305e+01 -4.955 7.62e-07 ***
## VTRatio:vowelae -9.104e+01 1.465e+01 -6.214 5.88e-10 ***
## VTRatio:voweli -5.064e+01 1.248e+01 -4.056 5.11e-05 ***
## VTRatio:vowelu -2.347e+01 1.283e+01 -1.829 0.06743 .
## I(VTRatio^2):vowela 7.002e+01 1.433e+01 4.886 1.08e-06 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowelae 9.286e+01 1.600e+01 5.805 7.12e-09 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):voweli 4.104e+01 1.372e+01 2.990 0.00281 **
## I(VTRatio^2):vowelu 1.615e+01 1.411e+01 1.145 0.25233
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.4366 on 2983 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.9512, Adjusted R-squared: 0.9509
## F-statistic: 3631 on 16 and 2983 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## VTRatio 1 1244 1243.6 4571.942 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2) 1 74 74.3 273.331 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel 4 4283 1070.6 3936.255 < 2e-16 ***
## replication 1 0 0.0 0.007 0.932
## generation 1 8 7.7 28.354 1.09e-07 ***
## VTRatio:vowel 4 119 29.7 109.359 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowel 4 48 12.0 44.085 < 2e-16 ***
## Residuals 2983 811 0.3
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = pc2art.m0)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa -1.4059747 -1.4881602 -1.3237891 0
## ae-schwa -0.6538564 -0.7360419 -0.5716708 0
## i-schwa 2.0397071 1.9575215 2.1218926 0
## u-schwa 0.8372525 0.7550669 0.9194380 0
## ae-a 0.7521183 0.6699327 0.8343039 0
## i-a 3.4456817 3.3634962 3.5278673 0
## u-a 2.2432272 2.1610416 2.3254127 0
## i-ae 2.6935634 2.6113779 2.7757490 0
## u-ae 1.4911088 1.4089233 1.5732944 0
## u-i -1.2024546 -1.2846401 -1.1202690 0##
## Call:
## lm(formula = PC2.art ~ VTRatio + I(VTRatio^2) + vowel + (VTRatio:vowel) +
## (I(VTRatio^2):vowel) + replication + generation, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -2.19105 -0.32576 -0.00574 0.35298 1.91107
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -1.289e+01 2.446e+00 -5.272 1.45e-07 ***
## VTRatio 6.602e+01 1.083e+01 6.098 1.21e-09 ***
## I(VTRatio^2) -8.252e+01 1.190e+01 -6.932 5.07e-12 ***
## vowela 1.289e+01 3.521e+00 3.661 0.000255 ***
## vowelae 6.460e+00 3.978e+00 1.624 0.104494
## voweli -1.817e+01 3.367e+00 -5.396 7.34e-08 ***
## vowelu 1.539e+01 3.457e+00 4.452 8.82e-06 ***
## replication -5.443e-05 3.300e-04 -0.165 0.868998
## generation -5.854e-04 1.009e-04 -5.804 7.17e-09 ***
## VTRatio:vowela -6.395e+01 1.559e+01 -4.102 4.21e-05 ***
## VTRatio:vowelae -2.425e+01 1.750e+01 -1.386 0.165939
## VTRatio:voweli 1.011e+02 1.491e+01 6.780 1.44e-11 ***
## VTRatio:vowelu -5.818e+01 1.533e+01 -3.797 0.000150 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowela 7.094e+01 1.712e+01 4.143 3.52e-05 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowelae 1.867e+01 1.911e+01 0.977 0.328643
## I(VTRatio^2):voweli -1.237e+02 1.639e+01 -7.542 6.09e-14 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowelu 5.716e+01 1.685e+01 3.392 0.000703 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.5215 on 2983 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.8768, Adjusted R-squared: 0.8762
## F-statistic: 1327 on 16 and 2983 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## VTRatio 1 144 144.1 328.505 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2) 1 27 26.8 61.090 7.5e-15 ***
## vowel 4 3305 826.1 1882.811 < 2e-16 ***
## replication 1 0 0.0 0.019 0.889464
## generation 1 6 6.0 13.702 0.000218 ***
## VTRatio:vowel 4 312 78.1 178.004 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowel 4 252 63.1 143.788 < 2e-16 ***
## Residuals 2983 1309 0.4
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = pc3art.m0)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa -0.05569066 -0.1600755 0.04869415 0.5911724
## ae-schwa -1.35562782 -1.4600126 -1.25124301 0.0000000
## i-schwa -1.60114017 -1.7055250 -1.49675537 0.0000000
## u-schwa 1.29745585 1.1930710 1.40184066 0.0000000
## ae-a -1.29993716 -1.4043220 -1.19555236 0.0000000
## i-a -1.54544952 -1.6498343 -1.44106471 0.0000000
## u-a 1.35314651 1.2487617 1.45753131 0.0000000
## i-ae -0.24551236 -0.3498972 -0.14112755 0.0000000
## u-ae 2.65308367 2.5486989 2.75746847 0.0000000
## u-i 2.89859603 2.7942112 3.00298083 0.0000000##
## Call:
## lm(formula = PC3.art ~ VTRatio + I(VTRatio^2) + vowel + (VTRatio:vowel) +
## (I(VTRatio^2):vowel) + replication + generation, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -2.49396 -0.39220 0.03087 0.44005 2.08533
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -2.064e+01 3.106e+00 -6.644 3.62e-11 ***
## VTRatio 8.966e+01 1.375e+01 6.519 8.26e-11 ***
## I(VTRatio^2) -9.447e+01 1.512e+01 -6.248 4.75e-10 ***
## vowela 1.347e+01 4.473e+00 3.011 0.002629 **
## vowelae 4.506e+00 5.053e+00 0.892 0.372569
## voweli 9.287e+01 4.276e+00 21.718 < 2e-16 ***
## vowelu 1.950e+01 4.391e+00 4.442 9.26e-06 ***
## replication 3.698e-05 4.191e-04 0.088 0.929692
## generation -3.283e-04 1.281e-04 -2.562 0.010452 *
## VTRatio:vowela -5.129e+01 1.980e+01 -2.590 0.009636 **
## VTRatio:vowelae -2.789e+01 2.223e+01 -1.255 0.209699
## VTRatio:voweli -4.033e+02 1.894e+01 -21.290 < 2e-16 ***
## VTRatio:vowelu -6.422e+01 1.947e+01 -3.299 0.000982 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowela 4.689e+01 2.175e+01 2.156 0.031152 *
## I(VTRatio^2):vowelae 3.236e+01 2.427e+01 1.333 0.182587
## I(VTRatio^2):voweli 4.258e+02 2.082e+01 20.448 < 2e-16 ***
## I(VTRatio^2):vowelu 5.243e+01 2.140e+01 2.450 0.014353 *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.6624 on 2983 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.7556, Adjusted R-squared: 0.7543
## F-statistic: 576.4 on 16 and 2983 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16| DVs, interactions & R2 | JA | LP | LD | TCX | TCY | TTX | TTY | TBX | TBY | HX | HY | hyoidX | hyoidY | PC1(art) | PC2(art) | PC3(art) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| VTRatio | 2.8e+02 (2.3e-20***) | 47 (1.2e-07***) | -34 (0.057) | 56 (9.3e-10***) | 95 (1.4e-41***) | -95 (1.7e-08***) | -1.7e+02 (1.1e-25***) | -78 (0.00067***) | -1.3e+02 (2.1e-18***) | 43 (2.2e-21***) | 79 (3.4e-151***) | 76 (4e-28***) | 79 (2.9e-151***) | 1.4e+02 (1.8e-52***) | 66 (1.2e-09***) | 90 (8.3e-11***) |
| VTRatio^2 | -2.9e+02 (1.6e-18***) | -45 (5.2e-06***) | 24 (0.22) | -60 (2.4e-09***) | -94 (5.5e-34***) | 97 (1.4e-07***) | 2e+02 (6.8e-29***) | 79 (0.0017**) | 1.5e+02 (1.2e-18***) | -46 (3.2e-20***) | -71 (2.6e-107***) | -79 (1.6e-25***) | -71 (2.3e-107***) | -1e+02 (2.2e-25***) | -83 (5.1e-12***) | -94 (4.7e-10***) |
| vowel | . (2e-199***) | . (7.9e-323***) | . (0***) | . (0***) | . (0***) | . (1.2e-63***) | . (2.2e-71***) | . (7.3e-148***) | . (0***) | . (0***) | . (2.6e-70***) | . (0***) | . (2.4e-70***) | . (0***) | . (0***) | . (0***) |
| replication | 3.1e-05 (0.97) | -0.00015 (0.58) | -0.00052 (0.33) | 0.0003 (0.28) | 0.00017 (0.43) | -0.00024 (0.64) | -0.00018 (0.71) | -0.0003 (0.67) | -1.4e-05 (0.98) | -0.00016 (0.25) | 2.8e-05 (0.74) | -0.00023 (0.26) | 2.9e-05 (0.74) | 8.5e-05 (0.76) | -5.4e-05 (0.87) | 3.7e-05 (0.93) |
| generation | -0.0032 (1.7e-29***) | 0.00076 (1.5e-19***) | -0.00023 (0.16) | -4.7e-05 (0.58) | -1.8e-06 (0.98) | -0.00042 (0.0072**) | 0.0005 (0.00076***) | 0.00069 (0.0013**) | 8.5e-06 (0.95) | -0.00033 (4.5e-15***) | -2.8e-05 (0.28) | -0.0005 (4.8e-15***) | -2.8e-05 (0.28) | 0.00022 (0.011*) | -0.00059 (7.2e-09***) | -0.00033 (0.01*) |
| VTRatio:vowel | . (9.5e-28***) | . (3.1e-50***) | . (1.7e-41***) | . (0***) | . (4.5e-230***) | . (4.2e-16***) | . (1.3e-67***) | . (4e-40***) | . (4.1e-30***) | . (7.7e-136***) | . (4e-25***) | . (4.1e-135***) | . (3.3e-25***) | . (6e-143***) | . (4.4e-87***) | . (6.4e-137***) |
| VTRatio^2:vowel | . (5e-12***) | . (0.00017***) | . (0.019*) | . (1.8e-263***) | . (1.5e-60***) | . (1.9e-25***) | . (2.2e-18***) | . (3.2e-13***) | . (5.7e-24***) | . (1.1e-06***) | . (9e-22***) | . (1.8e-06***) | . (1.1e-21***) | . (1.1e-09***) | . (5.3e-36***) | . (1.5e-112***) |
| adjusted R2 | 34.4% | 47.4% | 49.2% | 89.4% | 78.2% | 18.2% | 42.5% | 25.7% | 55.6% | 60.8% | 94.7% | 59.7% | 94.7% | 95.1% | 87.6% | 75.4% |
| DVs, interactions & R2 | HY(normalized) |
|---|---|
| VTRatio | 1.3e+02 (0***) |
| VTRatio^2 | -94 (0***) |
| vowel | . (0***) |
| LEN | -2.1 (0***) |
| replication | -9.2e-06 (0.8) |
| generation | -0.00011 (4.9e-23***) |
| VTRatio:vowel | . (3.7e-63***) |
| VTRatio^2:vowel | . (4.8e-48***) |
| adjusted R2 | 96.6% |
Regression of articulators on VTRatio, vowel and generation for mobile hyoid (with 95%CI); Part I.
Regression of articulators on VTRatio, vowel and generation for mobile hyoid (with 95%CI); Part II.
Regression of articulators on VTRatio, vowel and generation for mobile hyoid (with 95%CI); Part III.
Regression of HY(normalized) on VTRatio, LEN and vowel for mobile hyoid (with 95%CI); Part IV.
Acoustics on LEN and articulatory parameters
F1
## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## LEN 1 11 11.3 1.495e+03 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2) 1 0 0.5 6.597e+01 6.68e-16 ***
## vowel 4 8907 2226.7 2.949e+05 < 2e-16 ***
## JA 1 1 1.0 1.329e+02 < 2e-16 ***
## LP 1 3 3.5 4.603e+02 < 2e-16 ***
## LD 1 1 1.4 1.847e+02 < 2e-16 ***
## TCX 1 4 4.1 5.387e+02 < 2e-16 ***
## TCY 1 6 5.8 7.661e+02 < 2e-16 ***
## TTX 1 0 0.0 1.500e-02 0.902556
## TTY 1 2 2.0 2.642e+02 < 2e-16 ***
## TBX 1 0 0.1 9.196e+00 0.002447 **
## TBY 1 0 0.3 3.675e+01 1.52e-09 ***
## hyoidX 1 0 0.2 2.558e+01 4.51e-07 ***
## hyoidY 1 1 1.2 1.549e+02 < 2e-16 ***
## replication 1 0 0.0 2.039e+00 0.153394
## generation 1 1 1.2 1.580e+02 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN:vowel 4 6 1.4 1.844e+02 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowel 4 6 1.6 2.132e+02 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel:JA 4 2 0.4 5.427e+01 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel:LP 4 2 0.5 6.660e+01 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel:LD 4 1 0.2 2.706e+01 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel:TCX 4 3 0.7 9.281e+01 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel:TCY 4 1 0.2 2.209e+01 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel:TTX 4 1 0.3 4.461e+01 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel:TTY 4 0 0.1 8.290e+00 1.20e-06 ***
## vowel:TBX 4 2 0.4 5.924e+01 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel:TBY 4 2 0.5 6.778e+01 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel:hyoidX 4 1 0.2 3.207e+01 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel:hyoidY 4 1 0.3 3.570e+01 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN:JA 1 0 0.0 5.820e-01 0.445786
## LEN:LP 1 0 0.1 1.029e+01 0.001355 **
## LEN:LD 1 0 0.1 8.336e+00 0.003915 **
## LEN:TCX 1 0 0.1 1.215e+01 0.000497 ***
## LEN:TCY 1 0 0.3 3.548e+01 2.89e-09 ***
## LEN:TTX 1 0 0.1 6.789e+00 0.009218 **
## LEN:TTY 1 0 0.0 2.420e-01 0.622696
## LEN:TBX 1 0 0.1 1.205e+01 0.000526 ***
## LEN:TBY 1 0 0.0 7.360e-01 0.390874
## LEN:hyoidX 1 0 0.0 3.027e+00 0.081999 .
## LEN:hyoidY 1 0 0.0 1.272e+00 0.259425
## Residuals 2917 22 0.0
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = f1.m0)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa 1.2662947 1.2526021 1.2799872 0
## ae-schwa 1.4269103 1.4132178 1.4406029 0
## i-schwa -2.7444628 -2.7581554 -2.7307703 0
## u-schwa -2.1558078 -2.1695004 -2.1421153 0
## ae-a 0.1606157 0.1469231 0.1743082 0
## i-a -4.0107575 -4.0244500 -3.9970650 0
## u-a -3.4221025 -3.4357950 -3.4084100 0
## i-ae -4.1713732 -4.1850657 -4.1576806 0
## u-ae -3.5827182 -3.5964107 -3.5690256 0
## u-i 0.5886550 0.5749625 0.6023475 0##
## Call:
## lm(formula = F1 ~ LEN + I(LEN^2) + vowel + JA + LP + LD + TCX +
## TCY + TTX + TTY + TBX + TBY + hyoidX + hyoidY + (LEN:vowel) +
## (I(LEN^2):vowel) + (JA:vowel) + (LP:vowel) + (LD:vowel) +
## (TCX:vowel) + (TCY:vowel) + (TTX:vowel) + (TTY:vowel) + (TBX:vowel) +
## (TBY:vowel) + (hyoidX:vowel) + (hyoidY:vowel) + (JA:LEN) +
## (LP:LEN) + (LD:LEN) + (TCX:LEN) + (TCY:LEN) + (TTX:LEN) +
## (TTY:LEN) + (TBX:LEN) + (TBY:LEN) + (hyoidX:LEN) + (hyoidY:LEN) +
## replication + generation, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.53296 -0.03753 0.00309 0.03962 0.82373
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 3.627e+00 4.086e-01 8.877 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN -4.799e-01 1.100e-01 -4.363 1.33e-05 ***
## I(LEN^2) -3.639e-02 8.523e-03 -4.270 2.02e-05 ***
## vowela 1.506e+00 5.554e-01 2.712 0.006724 **
## vowelae -2.072e+00 5.718e-01 -3.624 0.000295 ***
## voweli 2.348e+00 5.572e-01 4.214 2.59e-05 ***
## vowelu 5.143e+00 4.921e-01 10.450 < 2e-16 ***
## JA -9.598e-03 9.787e-03 -0.981 0.326801
## LP -1.103e-01 3.346e-02 -3.298 0.000987 ***
## LD 5.659e-02 1.705e-02 3.319 0.000914 ***
## TCX -1.515e-01 3.750e-02 -4.039 5.51e-05 ***
## TCY 3.645e-01 5.554e-02 6.564 6.19e-11 ***
## TTX 5.134e-02 2.219e-02 2.313 0.020766 *
## TTY -2.515e-02 2.214e-02 -1.136 0.255989
## TBX -5.400e-02 1.572e-02 -3.434 0.000603 ***
## TBY -3.551e-02 2.587e-02 -1.373 0.169983
## hyoidX -1.064e-01 4.643e-02 -2.292 0.021968 *
## hyoidY 8.790e-02 8.347e-02 1.053 0.292427
## replication 2.569e-05 5.541e-05 0.464 0.642942
## generation -1.419e-04 1.915e-05 -7.412 1.62e-13 ***
## LEN:vowela -6.864e-02 1.363e-01 -0.504 0.614477
## LEN:vowelae -1.133e+00 1.409e-01 -8.042 1.27e-15 ***
## LEN:voweli 1.079e+00 1.442e-01 7.484 9.49e-14 ***
## LEN:vowelu 1.532e+00 1.244e-01 12.316 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowela -6.401e-03 8.525e-03 -0.751 0.452789
## I(LEN^2):vowelae -7.704e-02 8.922e-03 -8.635 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):voweli 6.603e-02 9.297e-03 7.102 1.54e-12 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowelu 9.076e-02 8.133e-03 11.159 < 2e-16 ***
## vowela:JA -1.113e-02 4.718e-03 -2.359 0.018399 *
## vowelae:JA 1.392e-02 6.523e-03 2.134 0.032930 *
## voweli:JA 1.479e-03 3.901e-03 0.379 0.704684
## vowelu:JA 1.224e-02 3.203e-03 3.820 0.000136 ***
## vowela:LP -2.385e-02 1.407e-02 -1.695 0.090181 .
## vowelae:LP -1.937e-02 1.642e-02 -1.180 0.238271
## voweli:LP -1.684e-02 1.219e-02 -1.381 0.167256
## vowelu:LP -1.601e-01 1.191e-02 -13.445 < 2e-16 ***
## vowela:LD -1.479e-03 6.785e-03 -0.218 0.827474
## vowelae:LD -1.738e-02 7.362e-03 -2.360 0.018317 *
## voweli:LD -4.769e-03 5.616e-03 -0.849 0.395845
## vowelu:LD 5.360e-02 6.608e-03 8.112 7.27e-16 ***
## vowela:TCX -3.681e-02 4.782e-02 -0.770 0.441504
## vowelae:TCX -3.665e-02 2.543e-02 -1.442 0.149551
## voweli:TCX -4.570e-02 1.723e-02 -2.651 0.008057 **
## vowelu:TCX -3.333e-01 2.280e-02 -14.621 < 2e-16 ***
## vowela:TCY -1.637e-01 3.105e-02 -5.272 1.45e-07 ***
## vowelae:TCY 1.201e-02 2.130e-02 0.564 0.573027
## voweli:TCY -1.333e-01 1.931e-02 -6.905 6.15e-12 ***
## vowelu:TCY 1.031e-01 1.706e-02 6.045 1.69e-09 ***
## vowela:TTX -2.349e-02 8.124e-03 -2.892 0.003856 **
## vowelae:TTX -6.155e-03 7.849e-03 -0.784 0.433038
## voweli:TTX 7.714e-03 6.760e-03 1.141 0.253915
## vowelu:TTX 8.902e-02 7.564e-03 11.769 < 2e-16 ***
## vowela:TTY -7.500e-02 8.577e-03 -8.744 < 2e-16 ***
## vowelae:TTY -5.093e-02 1.203e-02 -4.234 2.37e-05 ***
## voweli:TTY -1.236e-02 7.367e-03 -1.677 0.093580 .
## vowelu:TTY -4.567e-04 6.465e-03 -0.071 0.943695
## vowela:TBX -8.877e-03 4.701e-03 -1.888 0.059067 .
## vowelae:TBX 1.421e-03 7.631e-03 0.186 0.852266
## voweli:TBX -4.087e-02 7.431e-03 -5.500 4.13e-08 ***
## vowelu:TBX -3.673e-03 5.373e-03 -0.684 0.494299
## vowela:TBY -1.018e-01 8.146e-03 -12.494 < 2e-16 ***
## vowelae:TBY -5.995e-02 1.415e-02 -4.236 2.35e-05 ***
## voweli:TBY -2.682e-02 1.366e-02 -1.963 0.049685 *
## vowelu:TBY 4.946e-02 8.197e-03 6.034 1.80e-09 ***
## vowela:hyoidX -2.166e-01 1.918e-02 -11.291 < 2e-16 ***
## vowelae:hyoidX -1.390e-02 1.835e-02 -0.758 0.448742
## voweli:hyoidX 3.331e-02 1.708e-02 1.951 0.051189 .
## vowelu:hyoidX -3.872e-02 1.408e-02 -2.749 0.006010 **
## vowela:hyoidY 2.715e-01 3.031e-02 8.960 < 2e-16 ***
## vowelae:hyoidY 1.042e-01 3.023e-02 3.447 0.000576 ***
## voweli:hyoidY 1.231e-01 2.775e-02 4.435 9.54e-06 ***
## vowelu:hyoidY 2.307e-01 2.463e-02 9.369 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN:JA -7.366e-04 1.235e-03 -0.596 0.551064
## LEN:LP -1.480e-02 4.265e-03 -3.469 0.000529 ***
## LEN:LD 6.672e-03 2.101e-03 3.176 0.001511 **
## LEN:TCX -1.704e-02 4.451e-03 -3.828 0.000132 ***
## LEN:TCY 4.589e-02 6.819e-03 6.730 2.03e-11 ***
## LEN:TTX 6.798e-03 2.630e-03 2.585 0.009799 **
## LEN:TTY -2.443e-03 2.609e-03 -0.936 0.349207
## LEN:TBX -6.792e-03 1.853e-03 -3.664 0.000252 ***
## LEN:TBY -3.093e-03 3.011e-03 -1.027 0.304406
## LEN:hyoidX -1.102e-02 5.645e-03 -1.952 0.051071 .
## LEN:hyoidY 1.064e-02 9.430e-03 1.128 0.259425
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.08689 on 2917 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.9976, Adjusted R-squared: 0.9975
## F-statistic: 1.449e+04 on 82 and 2917 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## LEN 1 0.405 0.405 43.323 5.48e-11 ***
## I(LEN^2) 1 3.343 3.343 357.744 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel 4 5.456 1.364 145.938 < 2e-16 ***
## JA 1 0.330 0.330 35.336 3.10e-09 ***
## LP 1 0.732 0.732 78.275 < 2e-16 ***
## LD 1 0.272 0.272 29.143 7.26e-08 ***
## TCX 1 0.474 0.474 50.718 1.34e-12 ***
## TCY 1 0.352 0.352 37.701 9.37e-10 ***
## TTX 1 0.108 0.108 11.546 0.000688 ***
## TTY 1 1.306 1.306 139.746 < 2e-16 ***
## TBX 1 0.379 0.379 40.529 2.24e-10 ***
## TBY 1 0.026 0.026 2.747 0.097551 .
## hyoidX 1 0.059 0.059 6.279 0.012269 *
## hyoidY 1 0.700 0.700 74.904 < 2e-16 ***
## replication 1 0.040 0.040 4.263 0.039043 *
## generation 1 1.208 1.208 129.201 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN:vowel 4 8.050 2.012 215.321 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowel 4 1.483 0.371 39.679 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel:JA 4 0.825 0.206 22.082 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel:LP 4 1.176 0.294 31.470 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel:LD 4 0.371 0.093 9.932 5.56e-08 ***
## vowel:TCX 4 5.086 1.272 136.061 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel:TCY 4 0.405 0.101 10.841 1.01e-08 ***
## vowel:TTX 4 0.823 0.206 22.002 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel:TTY 4 0.143 0.036 3.817 0.004240 **
## vowel:TBX 4 0.163 0.041 4.357 0.001629 **
## vowel:TBY 4 0.352 0.088 9.403 1.50e-07 ***
## vowel:hyoidX 4 0.114 0.028 3.044 0.016244 *
## vowel:hyoidY 4 0.992 0.248 26.539 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN:JA 1 0.141 0.141 15.049 0.000107 ***
## LEN:LP 1 0.471 0.471 50.386 1.58e-12 ***
## LEN:LD 1 0.043 0.043 4.616 0.031751 *
## LEN:TCX 1 0.001 0.001 0.066 0.797549
## LEN:TCY 1 0.000 0.000 0.022 0.882510
## LEN:TTX 1 0.190 0.190 20.278 6.96e-06 ***
## LEN:TTY 1 0.206 0.206 22.080 2.74e-06 ***
## LEN:TBX 1 0.065 0.065 6.959 0.008382 **
## LEN:TBY 1 0.118 0.118 12.658 0.000380 ***
## LEN:hyoidX 1 0.000 0.000 0.008 0.927060
## LEN:hyoidY 1 0.203 0.203 21.707 3.32e-06 ***
## Residuals 2917 27.262 0.009
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = f1e.m0)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa 0.054684170 0.039449563 0.069918777 0.0000000
## ae-schwa 0.046145752 0.030911144 0.061380359 0.0000000
## i-schwa 0.022666699 0.007432091 0.037901306 0.0004810
## u-schwa 0.126216379 0.110981772 0.141450986 0.0000000
## ae-a -0.008538419 -0.023773026 0.006696189 0.5430742
## i-a -0.032017471 -0.047252079 -0.016782864 0.0000001
## u-a 0.071532209 0.056297602 0.086766816 0.0000000
## i-ae -0.023479053 -0.038713660 -0.008244445 0.0002583
## u-ae 0.080070628 0.064836020 0.095305235 0.0000000
## u-i 0.103549680 0.088315073 0.118784288 0.0000000##
## Call:
## lm(formula = F1.error ~ LEN + I(LEN^2) + vowel + JA + LP + LD +
## TCX + TCY + TTX + TTY + TBX + TBY + hyoidX + hyoidY + (LEN:vowel) +
## (I(LEN^2):vowel) + (JA:vowel) + (LP:vowel) + (LD:vowel) +
## (TCX:vowel) + (TCY:vowel) + (TTX:vowel) + (TTY:vowel) + (TBX:vowel) +
## (TBY:vowel) + (hyoidX:vowel) + (hyoidY:vowel) + (JA:LEN) +
## (LP:LEN) + (LD:LEN) + (TCX:LEN) + (TCY:LEN) + (TTX:LEN) +
## (TTY:LEN) + (TBX:LEN) + (TBY:LEN) + (hyoidX:LEN) + (hyoidY:LEN) +
## replication + generation, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.46693 -0.02616 -0.00258 0.01953 2.10577
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 1.247e+00 4.546e-01 2.744 0.006111 **
## LEN 1.315e-01 1.224e-01 1.075 0.282630
## I(LEN^2) -1.291e-03 9.483e-03 -0.136 0.891684
## vowela 8.464e-01 6.180e-01 1.370 0.170915
## vowelae 1.466e+00 6.362e-01 2.304 0.021278 *
## voweli 6.089e-01 6.199e-01 0.982 0.326079
## vowelu 6.017e+00 5.475e-01 10.989 < 2e-16 ***
## JA 1.606e-02 1.089e-02 1.475 0.140368
## LP -2.757e-01 3.723e-02 -7.406 1.70e-13 ***
## LD 5.644e-02 1.897e-02 2.975 0.002950 **
## TCX -3.331e-02 4.173e-02 -0.798 0.424734
## TCY -6.930e-03 6.179e-02 -0.112 0.910704
## TTX 9.012e-02 2.469e-02 3.650 0.000267 ***
## TTY -1.256e-01 2.463e-02 -5.101 3.59e-07 ***
## TBX -1.248e-02 1.750e-02 -0.713 0.475745
## TBY 9.211e-02 2.879e-02 3.200 0.001390 **
## hyoidX -7.728e-02 5.165e-02 -1.496 0.134720
## hyoidY 4.258e-01 9.287e-02 4.584 4.74e-06 ***
## replication 6.110e-05 6.165e-05 0.991 0.321733
## generation -1.512e-04 2.131e-05 -7.098 1.59e-12 ***
## LEN:vowela 2.542e-01 1.516e-01 1.677 0.093693 .
## LEN:vowelae 4.780e-01 1.567e-01 3.049 0.002314 **
## LEN:voweli 7.288e-02 1.604e-01 0.454 0.649659
## LEN:vowelu 1.196e+00 1.384e-01 8.642 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowela 1.630e-02 9.485e-03 1.719 0.085778 .
## I(LEN^2):vowelae 3.307e-02 9.927e-03 3.331 0.000875 ***
## I(LEN^2):voweli 4.050e-03 1.034e-02 0.392 0.695442
## I(LEN^2):vowelu 6.620e-02 9.049e-03 7.315 3.30e-13 ***
## vowela:JA 5.655e-03 5.249e-03 1.077 0.281376
## vowelae:JA 5.222e-03 7.258e-03 0.720 0.471877
## voweli:JA 5.632e-03 4.340e-03 1.298 0.194541
## vowelu:JA 8.979e-03 3.564e-03 2.519 0.011814 *
## vowela:LP 3.901e-02 1.565e-02 2.492 0.012761 *
## vowelae:LP 2.302e-02 1.827e-02 1.260 0.207871
## voweli:LP -7.583e-03 1.356e-02 -0.559 0.576132
## vowelu:LP -1.167e-01 1.325e-02 -8.808 < 2e-16 ***
## vowela:LD -6.681e-03 7.550e-03 -0.885 0.376281
## vowelae:LD 5.244e-03 8.191e-03 0.640 0.522083
## voweli:LD -4.896e-03 6.248e-03 -0.784 0.433391
## vowelu:LD 4.064e-02 7.352e-03 5.527 3.54e-08 ***
## vowela:TCX -4.357e-02 5.320e-02 -0.819 0.412932
## vowelae:TCX 4.460e-02 2.829e-02 1.577 0.115004
## voweli:TCX -2.530e-02 1.918e-02 -1.320 0.187076
## vowelu:TCX -3.503e-01 2.537e-02 -13.811 < 2e-16 ***
## vowela:TCY 1.578e-02 3.454e-02 0.457 0.647766
## vowelae:TCY 2.750e-02 2.370e-02 1.160 0.245944
## voweli:TCY -3.996e-02 2.148e-02 -1.861 0.062914 .
## vowelu:TCY 1.012e-01 1.898e-02 5.332 1.05e-07 ***
## vowela:TTX 1.168e-02 9.039e-03 1.293 0.196223
## vowelae:TTX 3.062e-03 8.733e-03 0.351 0.725854
## voweli:TTX -4.000e-03 7.521e-03 -0.532 0.594866
## vowelu:TTX 6.223e-02 8.416e-03 7.395 1.84e-13 ***
## vowela:TTY 4.608e-02 9.543e-03 4.829 1.44e-06 ***
## vowelae:TTY 5.214e-02 1.339e-02 3.895 0.000100 ***
## voweli:TTY 7.995e-03 8.196e-03 0.975 0.329449
## vowelu:TTY 1.762e-03 7.193e-03 0.245 0.806467
## vowela:TBX -6.060e-03 5.230e-03 -1.159 0.246660
## vowelae:TBX -1.227e-02 8.490e-03 -1.446 0.148370
## voweli:TBX -5.075e-03 8.268e-03 -0.614 0.539426
## vowelu:TBX -4.705e-04 5.978e-03 -0.079 0.937279
## vowela:TBY 5.368e-02 9.063e-03 5.922 3.54e-09 ***
## vowelae:TBY 3.287e-02 1.575e-02 2.087 0.036948 *
## voweli:TBY -1.572e-03 1.520e-02 -0.103 0.917647
## vowelu:TBY 2.940e-02 9.120e-03 3.224 0.001280 **
## vowela:hyoidX 8.941e-02 2.135e-02 4.189 2.89e-05 ***
## vowelae:hyoidX 2.922e-02 2.042e-02 1.431 0.152546
## voweli:hyoidX 3.794e-02 1.900e-02 1.997 0.045940 *
## vowelu:hyoidX -6.644e-03 1.567e-02 -0.424 0.671622
## vowela:hyoidY -9.291e-02 3.372e-02 -2.755 0.005901 **
## vowelae:hyoidY -8.269e-02 3.363e-02 -2.459 0.014007 *
## voweli:hyoidY 4.283e-02 3.088e-02 1.387 0.165492
## vowelu:hyoidY 1.547e-01 2.740e-02 5.644 1.82e-08 ***
## LEN:JA 2.751e-03 1.375e-03 2.001 0.045464 *
## LEN:LP -3.597e-02 4.746e-03 -7.580 4.63e-14 ***
## LEN:LD 6.877e-03 2.338e-03 2.942 0.003288 **
## LEN:TCX -5.084e-03 4.953e-03 -1.027 0.304739
## LEN:TCY -9.980e-04 7.587e-03 -0.132 0.895357
## LEN:TTX 1.097e-02 2.927e-03 3.749 0.000181 ***
## LEN:TTY -1.410e-02 2.903e-03 -4.857 1.26e-06 ***
## LEN:TBX -2.257e-03 2.062e-03 -1.094 0.273865
## LEN:TBY 1.102e-02 3.350e-03 3.290 0.001012 **
## LEN:hyoidX -7.254e-03 6.281e-03 -1.155 0.248255
## LEN:hyoidY 4.888e-02 1.049e-02 4.659 3.32e-06 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.09667 on 2917 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.5732, Adjusted R-squared: 0.5612
## F-statistic: 47.77 on 82 and 2917 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16F2
## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## LEN 1 44 44 3.106e+03 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2) 1 7 7 4.818e+02 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel 4 25939 6485 4.553e+05 < 2e-16 ***
## JA 1 1 1 6.160e+01 5.86e-15 ***
## LP 1 0 0 1.907e+01 1.30e-05 ***
## LD 1 0 0 1.497e+01 0.000112 ***
## TCX 1 16 16 1.090e+03 < 2e-16 ***
## TCY 1 15 15 1.074e+03 < 2e-16 ***
## TTX 1 2 2 1.113e+02 < 2e-16 ***
## TTY 1 1 1 1.005e+02 < 2e-16 ***
## TBX 1 0 0 2.547e+00 0.110640
## TBY 1 1 1 9.772e+01 < 2e-16 ***
## hyoidX 1 3 3 2.021e+02 < 2e-16 ***
## hyoidY 1 0 0 1.526e+00 0.216762
## replication 1 0 0 9.600e-02 0.757237
## generation 1 1 1 5.084e+01 1.26e-12 ***
## LEN:vowel 4 30 7 5.257e+02 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowel 4 27 7 4.660e+02 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel:JA 4 1 0 2.228e+01 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel:LP 4 0 0 6.827e+00 1.82e-05 ***
## vowel:LD 4 1 0 1.718e+01 6.16e-14 ***
## vowel:TCX 4 3 1 5.149e+01 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel:TCY 4 3 1 5.723e+01 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel:TTX 4 0 0 2.176e+00 0.069206 .
## vowel:TTY 4 1 0 1.635e+01 2.96e-13 ***
## vowel:TBX 4 0 0 7.635e+00 4.07e-06 ***
## vowel:TBY 4 0 0 2.802e+00 0.024523 *
## vowel:hyoidX 4 1 0 1.178e+01 1.73e-09 ***
## vowel:hyoidY 4 1 0 1.338e+01 8.30e-11 ***
## LEN:JA 1 0 0 6.376e+00 0.011619 *
## LEN:LP 1 0 0 3.152e+01 2.15e-08 ***
## LEN:LD 1 0 0 2.033e+00 0.154002
## LEN:TCX 1 1 1 5.294e+01 4.40e-13 ***
## LEN:TCY 1 0 0 2.556e+01 4.55e-07 ***
## LEN:TTX 1 1 1 3.991e+01 3.06e-10 ***
## LEN:TTY 1 0 0 3.120e-01 0.576711
## LEN:TBX 1 0 0 8.200e-02 0.774757
## LEN:TBY 1 0 0 2.304e+00 0.129133
## LEN:hyoidX 1 0 0 1.371e+00 0.241815
## LEN:hyoidY 1 0 0 5.316e+00 0.021200 *
## Residuals 2917 42 0
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = f2.m0)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa -1.076651 -1.095457 -1.057844 0
## ae-schwa 2.404134 2.385327 2.422940 0
## i-schwa 4.196537 4.177731 4.215344 0
## u-schwa -4.353799 -4.372605 -4.334992 0
## ae-a 3.480784 3.461978 3.499591 0
## i-a 5.273188 5.254381 5.291995 0
## u-a -3.277148 -3.295955 -3.258342 0
## i-ae 1.792404 1.773597 1.811210 0
## u-ae -6.757933 -6.776739 -6.739126 0
## u-i -8.550336 -8.569143 -8.531530 0##
## Call:
## lm(formula = F2 ~ LEN + I(LEN^2) + vowel + JA + LP + LD + TCX +
## TCY + TTX + TTY + TBX + TBY + hyoidX + hyoidY + (LEN:vowel) +
## (I(LEN^2):vowel) + (JA:vowel) + (LP:vowel) + (LD:vowel) +
## (TCX:vowel) + (TCY:vowel) + (TTX:vowel) + (TTY:vowel) + (TBX:vowel) +
## (TBY:vowel) + (hyoidX:vowel) + (hyoidY:vowel) + (JA:LEN) +
## (LP:LEN) + (LD:LEN) + (TCX:LEN) + (TCY:LEN) + (TTX:LEN) +
## (TTY:LEN) + (TBX:LEN) + (TBY:LEN) + (hyoidX:LEN) + (hyoidY:LEN) +
## replication + generation, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.73512 -0.04835 -0.00327 0.04929 1.19591
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 1.013e+01 5.612e-01 18.057 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN 1.271e-01 1.511e-01 0.841 0.400306
## I(LEN^2) 8.694e-03 1.171e-02 0.743 0.457721
## vowela -2.393e+00 7.629e-01 -3.137 0.001723 **
## vowelae -3.140e+00 7.853e-01 -3.998 6.53e-05 ***
## voweli -1.183e+01 7.653e-01 -15.462 < 2e-16 ***
## vowelu -5.871e-01 6.759e-01 -0.869 0.385166
## JA 1.788e-02 1.344e-02 1.330 0.183633
## LP -2.739e-01 4.596e-02 -5.960 2.83e-09 ***
## LD 4.689e-02 2.342e-02 2.003 0.045313 *
## TCX 3.954e-01 5.151e-02 7.676 2.22e-14 ***
## TCY -2.208e-01 7.628e-02 -2.894 0.003827 **
## TTX 1.696e-01 3.048e-02 5.564 2.88e-08 ***
## TTY 4.945e-03 3.040e-02 0.163 0.870813
## TBX -9.730e-03 2.160e-02 -0.451 0.652373
## TBY -4.184e-02 3.553e-02 -1.178 0.239057
## hyoidX -1.238e-01 6.377e-02 -1.942 0.052205 .
## hyoidY 2.752e-01 1.147e-01 2.400 0.016450 *
## replication 1.054e-04 7.610e-05 1.386 0.166006
## generation -6.363e-05 2.630e-05 -2.419 0.015624 *
## LEN:vowela -2.469e-01 1.872e-01 -1.319 0.187144
## LEN:vowelae -1.424e+00 1.935e-01 -7.358 2.42e-13 ***
## LEN:voweli -4.738e+00 1.980e-01 -23.924 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN:vowelu 7.421e-01 1.709e-01 4.343 1.45e-05 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowela -1.244e-02 1.171e-02 -1.063 0.288030
## I(LEN^2):vowelae -9.495e-02 1.225e-02 -7.748 1.28e-14 ***
## I(LEN^2):voweli -3.242e-01 1.277e-02 -25.387 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowelu 3.580e-02 1.117e-02 3.205 0.001366 **
## vowela:JA -9.155e-03 6.479e-03 -1.413 0.157792
## vowelae:JA -4.783e-03 8.960e-03 -0.534 0.593510
## voweli:JA -1.794e-02 5.358e-03 -3.349 0.000822 ***
## vowelu:JA 1.784e-02 4.400e-03 4.055 5.15e-05 ***
## vowela:LP -2.378e-02 1.933e-02 -1.230 0.218617
## vowelae:LP 8.153e-03 2.256e-02 0.361 0.717823
## voweli:LP 3.498e-04 1.674e-02 0.021 0.983333
## vowelu:LP -1.024e-01 1.636e-02 -6.262 4.37e-10 ***
## vowela:LD 9.722e-03 9.320e-03 1.043 0.296959
## vowelae:LD -8.466e-03 1.011e-02 -0.837 0.402486
## voweli:LD 1.283e-02 7.713e-03 1.663 0.096457 .
## vowelu:LD 5.704e-02 9.076e-03 6.285 3.78e-10 ***
## vowela:TCX 1.706e-01 6.568e-02 2.597 0.009448 **
## vowelae:TCX -2.160e-02 3.492e-02 -0.619 0.536216
## voweli:TCX -1.562e-01 2.367e-02 -6.598 4.95e-11 ***
## vowelu:TCX 1.263e-01 3.131e-02 4.034 5.63e-05 ***
## vowela:TCY 1.821e-01 4.264e-02 4.270 2.01e-05 ***
## vowelae:TCY 5.105e-04 2.925e-02 0.017 0.986078
## voweli:TCY 1.924e-01 2.652e-02 7.256 5.10e-13 ***
## vowelu:TCY -2.325e-01 2.343e-02 -9.925 < 2e-16 ***
## vowela:TTX 3.183e-02 1.116e-02 2.853 0.004361 **
## vowelae:TTX 1.021e-02 1.078e-02 0.947 0.343615
## voweli:TTX 3.059e-03 9.285e-03 0.329 0.741808
## vowelu:TTX 2.484e-02 1.039e-02 2.391 0.016871 *
## vowela:TTY 3.022e-02 1.178e-02 2.565 0.010354 *
## vowelae:TTY 9.534e-04 1.652e-02 0.058 0.953995
## voweli:TTY -1.413e-02 1.012e-02 -1.396 0.162805
## vowelu:TTY -4.181e-02 8.880e-03 -4.708 2.61e-06 ***
## vowela:TBX 5.047e-04 6.456e-03 0.078 0.937694
## vowelae:TBX 1.393e-02 1.048e-02 1.329 0.184020
## voweli:TBX -3.847e-02 1.021e-02 -3.769 0.000167 ***
## vowelu:TBX 9.269e-03 7.380e-03 1.256 0.209247
## vowela:TBY 4.014e-02 1.119e-02 3.588 0.000339 ***
## vowelae:TBY 1.785e-02 1.944e-02 0.918 0.358732
## voweli:TBY 4.236e-02 1.876e-02 2.258 0.024033 *
## vowelu:TBY 2.772e-02 1.126e-02 2.462 0.013860 *
## vowela:hyoidX 1.145e-01 2.635e-02 4.345 1.44e-05 ***
## vowelae:hyoidX -1.994e-02 2.520e-02 -0.791 0.428994
## voweli:hyoidX 1.383e-01 2.345e-02 5.897 4.12e-09 ***
## vowelu:hyoidX 7.140e-02 1.935e-02 3.691 0.000228 ***
## vowela:hyoidY -1.660e-01 4.163e-02 -3.988 6.82e-05 ***
## vowelae:hyoidY -5.119e-02 4.152e-02 -1.233 0.217708
## voweli:hyoidY 1.080e-01 3.812e-02 2.835 0.004621 **
## vowelu:hyoidY 9.503e-02 3.383e-02 2.809 0.004998 **
## LEN:JA 2.331e-03 1.697e-03 1.374 0.169568
## LEN:LP -3.700e-02 5.858e-03 -6.316 3.10e-10 ***
## LEN:LD 6.480e-03 2.886e-03 2.246 0.024793 *
## LEN:TCX 4.392e-02 6.114e-03 7.184 8.56e-13 ***
## LEN:TCY -2.640e-02 9.366e-03 -2.818 0.004859 **
## LEN:TTX 2.153e-02 3.613e-03 5.959 2.85e-09 ***
## LEN:TTY -4.579e-04 3.584e-03 -0.128 0.898353
## LEN:TBX -1.750e-03 2.546e-03 -0.688 0.491805
## LEN:TBY -7.076e-03 4.136e-03 -1.711 0.087168 .
## LEN:hyoidX -1.293e-02 7.754e-03 -1.667 0.095612 .
## LEN:hyoidY 2.986e-02 1.295e-02 2.306 0.021200 *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.1193 on 2917 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.9984, Adjusted R-squared: 0.9984
## F-statistic: 2.235e+04 on 82 and 2917 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## LEN 1 19.24 19.236 875.956 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2) 1 22.38 22.380 1019.106 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel 4 50.08 12.520 570.121 < 2e-16 ***
## JA 1 0.04 0.036 1.630 0.201752
## LP 1 2.57 2.575 117.250 < 2e-16 ***
## LD 1 1.60 1.601 72.899 < 2e-16 ***
## TCX 1 9.01 9.011 410.324 < 2e-16 ***
## TCY 1 5.91 5.908 269.039 < 2e-16 ***
## TTX 1 0.98 0.976 44.435 3.13e-11 ***
## TTY 1 0.76 0.756 34.426 4.93e-09 ***
## TBX 1 0.07 0.066 3.023 0.082184 .
## TBY 1 0.09 0.095 4.310 0.037985 *
## hyoidX 1 5.73 5.735 261.148 < 2e-16 ***
## hyoidY 1 0.17 0.166 7.550 0.006040 **
## replication 1 0.00 0.000 0.008 0.930489
## generation 1 0.73 0.726 33.049 9.91e-09 ***
## LEN:vowel 4 71.25 17.813 811.159 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowel 4 46.75 11.687 532.188 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel:JA 4 0.80 0.201 9.138 2.47e-07 ***
## vowel:LP 4 0.24 0.059 2.697 0.029257 *
## vowel:LD 4 0.22 0.054 2.480 0.042049 *
## vowel:TCX 4 4.14 1.036 47.182 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel:TCY 4 4.34 1.086 49.459 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel:TTX 4 0.17 0.042 1.923 0.103781
## vowel:TTY 4 0.07 0.018 0.839 0.500080
## vowel:TBX 4 0.20 0.051 2.303 0.056279 .
## vowel:TBY 4 0.53 0.133 6.041 7.73e-05 ***
## vowel:hyoidX 4 1.37 0.342 15.552 1.35e-12 ***
## vowel:hyoidY 4 1.41 0.353 16.073 5.04e-13 ***
## LEN:JA 1 1.36 1.359 61.897 5.06e-15 ***
## LEN:LP 1 0.42 0.419 19.082 1.30e-05 ***
## LEN:LD 1 0.76 0.758 34.514 4.71e-09 ***
## LEN:TCX 1 3.20 3.202 145.791 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN:TCY 1 5.47 5.470 249.092 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN:TTX 1 0.00 0.002 0.084 0.772461
## LEN:TTY 1 0.34 0.345 15.700 7.60e-05 ***
## LEN:TBX 1 0.18 0.176 8.010 0.004683 **
## LEN:TBY 1 0.05 0.050 2.265 0.132476
## LEN:hyoidX 1 0.31 0.315 14.329 0.000157 ***
## LEN:hyoidY 1 0.01 0.008 0.372 0.541912
## Residuals 2917 64.06 0.022
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = f2e.m0)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa 0.009513431 -0.0138392091 0.03286607 0.8003291
## ae-schwa 0.033145297 0.0097926571 0.05649794 0.0010356
## i-schwa 0.346381443 0.3230288036 0.36973408 0.0000000
## u-schwa 0.084291067 0.0609384271 0.10764371 0.0000000
## ae-a 0.023631866 0.0002792264 0.04698451 0.0456930
## i-a 0.336868013 0.3135153728 0.36022065 0.0000000
## u-a 0.074777636 0.0514249963 0.09813028 0.0000000
## i-ae 0.313236146 0.2898835066 0.33658879 0.0000000
## u-ae 0.051145770 0.0277931301 0.07449841 0.0000000
## u-i -0.262090376 -0.2854430163 -0.23873774 0.0000000##
## Call:
## lm(formula = F2.error ~ LEN + I(LEN^2) + vowel + JA + LP + LD +
## TCX + TCY + TTX + TTY + TBX + TBY + hyoidX + hyoidY + (LEN:vowel) +
## (I(LEN^2):vowel) + (JA:vowel) + (LP:vowel) + (LD:vowel) +
## (TCX:vowel) + (TCY:vowel) + (TTX:vowel) + (TTY:vowel) + (TBX:vowel) +
## (TBY:vowel) + (hyoidX:vowel) + (hyoidY:vowel) + (JA:LEN) +
## (LP:LEN) + (LD:LEN) + (TCX:LEN) + (TCY:LEN) + (TTX:LEN) +
## (TTY:LEN) + (TBX:LEN) + (TBY:LEN) + (hyoidX:LEN) + (hyoidY:LEN) +
## replication + generation, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.5016 -0.0439 -0.0029 0.0367 3.3766
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 3.246e+00 6.968e-01 4.658 3.34e-06 ***
## LEN 1.250e+00 1.876e-01 6.662 3.21e-11 ***
## I(LEN^2) 1.026e-01 1.454e-02 7.060 2.07e-12 ***
## vowela -7.736e-01 9.473e-01 -0.817 0.414189
## vowelae -2.363e+00 9.752e-01 -2.424 0.015426 *
## voweli 2.760e+01 9.503e-01 29.044 < 2e-16 ***
## vowelu 1.777e+00 8.393e-01 2.117 0.034307 *
## JA 6.807e-02 1.669e-02 4.078 4.66e-05 ***
## LP -2.482e-01 5.707e-02 -4.349 1.41e-05 ***
## LD 1.045e-01 2.908e-02 3.593 0.000332 ***
## TCX -5.411e-01 6.396e-02 -8.461 < 2e-16 ***
## TCY -1.369e+00 9.472e-02 -14.449 < 2e-16 ***
## TTX -6.346e-02 3.785e-02 -1.677 0.093678 .
## TTY -1.215e-01 3.775e-02 -3.217 0.001309 **
## TBX 6.621e-02 2.682e-02 2.469 0.013609 *
## TBY -2.016e-02 4.412e-02 -0.457 0.647711
## hyoidX 2.647e-01 7.918e-02 3.343 0.000838 ***
## hyoidY -1.439e-01 1.424e-01 -1.011 0.312163
## replication -1.481e-04 9.450e-05 -1.568 0.117080
## generation -2.006e-04 3.266e-05 -6.141 9.33e-10 ***
## LEN:vowela -1.841e-01 2.324e-01 -0.792 0.428305
## LEN:vowelae -6.812e-01 2.403e-01 -2.835 0.004613 **
## LEN:voweli 7.540e+00 2.459e-01 30.659 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN:vowelu 2.250e-01 2.122e-01 1.060 0.289073
## I(LEN^2):vowela -6.430e-03 1.454e-02 -0.442 0.658322
## I(LEN^2):vowelae -4.429e-02 1.522e-02 -2.911 0.003634 **
## I(LEN^2):voweli 4.717e-01 1.586e-02 29.749 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowelu 6.723e-03 1.387e-02 0.485 0.627939
## vowela:JA -4.299e-03 8.046e-03 -0.534 0.593175
## vowelae:JA -4.631e-03 1.113e-02 -0.416 0.677281
## voweli:JA 1.474e-02 6.653e-03 2.215 0.026809 *
## vowelu:JA 1.143e-02 5.463e-03 2.092 0.036490 *
## vowela:LP 1.420e-02 2.400e-02 0.592 0.554172
## vowelae:LP -2.487e-03 2.801e-02 -0.089 0.929268
## voweli:LP -6.461e-02 2.079e-02 -3.108 0.001903 **
## vowelu:LP -9.214e-02 2.032e-02 -4.535 5.98e-06 ***
## vowela:LD -4.691e-03 1.157e-02 -0.405 0.685243
## vowelae:LD 7.614e-03 1.256e-02 0.606 0.544274
## voweli:LD 1.012e-02 9.578e-03 1.057 0.290784
## vowelu:LD 3.873e-02 1.127e-02 3.437 0.000597 ***
## vowela:TCX -1.254e-01 8.156e-02 -1.538 0.124273
## vowelae:TCX -1.395e-01 4.337e-02 -3.217 0.001308 **
## voweli:TCX 7.647e-02 2.939e-02 2.601 0.009331 **
## vowelu:TCX 2.706e-01 3.888e-02 6.958 4.23e-12 ***
## vowela:TCY -3.278e-04 5.295e-02 -0.006 0.995061
## vowelae:TCY 4.131e-02 3.633e-02 1.137 0.255484
## voweli:TCY 2.152e-01 3.293e-02 6.534 7.51e-11 ***
## vowelu:TCY -4.033e-01 2.909e-02 -13.862 < 2e-16 ***
## vowela:TTX 1.152e-02 1.386e-02 0.832 0.405625
## vowelae:TTX 6.091e-03 1.339e-02 0.455 0.649119
## voweli:TTX 1.649e-02 1.153e-02 1.430 0.152722
## vowelu:TTX -1.850e-04 1.290e-02 -0.014 0.988559
## vowela:TTY -7.756e-03 1.463e-02 -0.530 0.596008
## vowelae:TTY -2.403e-02 2.052e-02 -1.171 0.241564
## voweli:TTY -4.146e-03 1.256e-02 -0.330 0.741458
## vowelu:TTY -2.033e-02 1.103e-02 -1.844 0.065357 .
## vowela:TBX -7.939e-03 8.017e-03 -0.990 0.322145
## vowelae:TBX -2.158e-02 1.301e-02 -1.658 0.097418 .
## voweli:TBX 1.373e-02 1.267e-02 1.083 0.278795
## vowelu:TBX 4.656e-03 9.164e-03 0.508 0.611455
## vowela:TBY -2.265e-02 1.389e-02 -1.630 0.103210
## vowelae:TBY -8.331e-02 2.414e-02 -3.451 0.000566 ***
## voweli:TBY 5.396e-02 2.330e-02 2.316 0.020623 *
## vowelu:TBY -4.019e-03 1.398e-02 -0.287 0.773767
## vowela:hyoidX -4.755e-03 3.272e-02 -0.145 0.884452
## vowelae:hyoidX 3.272e-02 3.130e-02 1.046 0.295840
## voweli:hyoidX -1.441e-01 2.912e-02 -4.948 7.93e-07 ***
## vowelu:hyoidX 4.644e-02 2.402e-02 1.933 0.053286 .
## vowela:hyoidY 7.455e-02 5.169e-02 1.442 0.149340
## vowelae:hyoidY 3.854e-02 5.156e-02 0.748 0.454782
## voweli:hyoidY -4.060e-01 4.733e-02 -8.578 < 2e-16 ***
## vowelu:hyoidY 1.583e-01 4.200e-02 3.769 0.000167 ***
## LEN:JA 9.307e-03 2.107e-03 4.417 1.04e-05 ***
## LEN:LP -3.405e-02 7.275e-03 -4.680 2.99e-06 ***
## LEN:LD 1.398e-02 3.583e-03 3.902 9.74e-05 ***
## LEN:TCX -7.981e-02 7.592e-03 -10.512 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN:TCY -1.756e-01 1.163e-02 -15.097 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN:TTX -7.352e-03 4.486e-03 -1.639 0.101354
## LEN:TTY -1.691e-02 4.450e-03 -3.800 0.000147 ***
## LEN:TBX 6.705e-03 3.161e-03 2.121 0.033998 *
## LEN:TBY -6.284e-03 5.135e-03 -1.224 0.221122
## LEN:hyoidX 3.682e-02 9.628e-03 3.824 0.000134 ***
## LEN:hyoidY -9.811e-03 1.608e-02 -0.610 0.541912
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.1482 on 2917 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.8041, Adjusted R-squared: 0.7986
## F-statistic: 146 on 82 and 2917 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16F3
## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## LEN 1 213.5 213.47 3483.358 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2) 1 94.8 94.78 1546.505 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel 4 397.4 99.36 1621.306 < 2e-16 ***
## JA 1 1.0 1.02 16.594 4.75e-05 ***
## LP 1 0.3 0.28 4.543 0.033136 *
## LD 1 0.5 0.51 8.366 0.003851 **
## TCX 1 12.9 12.87 210.084 < 2e-16 ***
## TCY 1 0.8 0.79 12.945 0.000326 ***
## TTX 1 0.3 0.26 4.175 0.041114 *
## TTY 1 0.4 0.45 7.265 0.007072 **
## TBX 1 4.6 4.55 74.323 < 2e-16 ***
## TBY 1 0.0 0.00 0.030 0.863189
## hyoidX 1 0.4 0.43 6.990 0.008240 **
## hyoidY 1 2.2 2.15 35.163 3.39e-09 ***
## replication 1 0.0 0.01 0.242 0.622858
## generation 1 0.3 0.31 5.105 0.023933 *
## LEN:vowel 4 16.2 4.06 66.235 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowel 4 26.1 6.53 106.505 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel:JA 4 2.9 0.73 11.916 1.32e-09 ***
## vowel:LP 4 0.9 0.24 3.845 0.004040 **
## vowel:LD 4 1.4 0.35 5.737 0.000135 ***
## vowel:TCX 4 1.8 0.45 7.307 7.48e-06 ***
## vowel:TCY 4 18.1 4.52 73.781 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel:TTX 4 0.3 0.08 1.282 0.274583
## vowel:TTY 4 1.7 0.43 6.980 1.37e-05 ***
## vowel:TBX 4 0.6 0.15 2.399 0.048097 *
## vowel:TBY 4 1.6 0.39 6.413 3.90e-05 ***
## vowel:hyoidX 4 1.2 0.30 4.840 0.000686 ***
## vowel:hyoidY 4 16.5 4.13 67.379 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN:JA 1 2.5 2.51 40.962 1.80e-10 ***
## LEN:LP 1 1.5 1.53 25.034 5.97e-07 ***
## LEN:LD 1 0.6 0.62 10.102 0.001497 **
## LEN:TCX 1 4.9 4.93 80.428 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN:TCY 1 0.0 0.01 0.106 0.744228
## LEN:TTX 1 3.2 3.20 52.192 6.39e-13 ***
## LEN:TTY 1 13.7 13.70 223.579 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN:TBX 1 0.1 0.13 2.084 0.148920
## LEN:TBY 1 2.6 2.57 41.928 1.11e-10 ***
## LEN:hyoidX 1 0.0 0.03 0.507 0.476542
## LEN:hyoidY 1 0.1 0.07 1.089 0.296855
## Residuals 2917 178.8 0.06
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = f3.m0)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa 0.3796662 0.34065470 0.4186776 0
## ae-schwa 0.1479860 0.10897454 0.1869975 0
## i-schwa 1.0587442 1.01973270 1.0977556 0
## u-schwa 0.4722282 0.43321670 0.5112396 0
## ae-a -0.2316802 -0.27069163 -0.1926687 0
## i-a 0.6790780 0.64006654 0.7180895 0
## u-a 0.0925620 0.05355054 0.1315735 0
## i-ae 0.9107582 0.87174670 0.9497696 0
## u-ae 0.3242422 0.28523070 0.3632536 0
## u-i -0.5865160 -0.62552746 -0.5475045 0##
## Call:
## lm(formula = F3 ~ LEN + I(LEN^2) + vowel + JA + LP + LD + TCX +
## TCY + TTX + TTY + TBX + TBY + hyoidX + hyoidY + (LEN:vowel) +
## (I(LEN^2):vowel) + (JA:vowel) + (LP:vowel) + (LD:vowel) +
## (TCX:vowel) + (TCY:vowel) + (TTX:vowel) + (TTY:vowel) + (TBX:vowel) +
## (TBY:vowel) + (hyoidX:vowel) + (hyoidY:vowel) + (JA:LEN) +
## (LP:LEN) + (LD:LEN) + (TCX:LEN) + (TCY:LEN) + (TTX:LEN) +
## (TTY:LEN) + (TBX:LEN) + (TBY:LEN) + (hyoidX:LEN) + (hyoidY:LEN) +
## replication + generation, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -1.60457 -0.09779 0.00112 0.09471 1.52082
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 3.958e+00 1.164e+00 3.400 0.000683 ***
## LEN -3.057e+00 3.134e-01 -9.756 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2) -1.997e-01 2.428e-02 -8.224 2.93e-16 ***
## vowela -9.245e-01 1.582e+00 -0.584 0.559123
## vowelae 3.100e+00 1.629e+00 1.903 0.057147 .
## voweli -4.323e+00 1.587e+00 -2.723 0.006498 **
## vowelu 1.375e+01 1.402e+00 9.810 < 2e-16 ***
## JA 1.311e-01 2.788e-02 4.703 2.68e-06 ***
## LP -6.471e-01 9.533e-02 -6.787 1.38e-11 ***
## LD 2.400e-01 4.857e-02 4.941 8.22e-07 ***
## TCX 5.104e-01 1.068e-01 4.777 1.87e-06 ***
## TCY 4.776e-01 1.582e-01 3.019 0.002562 **
## TTX 2.282e-01 6.322e-02 3.610 0.000311 ***
## TTY -9.351e-01 6.307e-02 -14.827 < 2e-16 ***
## TBX -1.497e-01 4.480e-02 -3.342 0.000841 ***
## TBY -4.229e-01 7.371e-02 -5.737 1.06e-08 ***
## hyoidX 6.326e-02 1.323e-01 0.478 0.632526
## hyoidY 9.316e-02 2.378e-01 0.392 0.695297
## replication 3.126e-05 1.579e-04 0.198 0.843029
## generation -4.091e-05 5.456e-05 -0.750 0.453389
## LEN:vowela -3.467e-01 3.882e-01 -0.893 0.371976
## LEN:vowelae 1.088e+00 4.014e-01 2.711 0.006751 **
## LEN:voweli -1.044e+00 4.108e-01 -2.541 0.011097 *
## LEN:vowelu 3.868e+00 3.544e-01 10.912 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowela -4.474e-02 2.429e-02 -1.842 0.065552 .
## I(LEN^2):vowelae 8.208e-02 2.542e-02 3.229 0.001256 **
## I(LEN^2):voweli -5.392e-02 2.649e-02 -2.036 0.041871 *
## I(LEN^2):vowelu 2.086e-01 2.317e-02 9.001 < 2e-16 ***
## vowela:JA 3.138e-03 1.344e-02 0.233 0.815396
## vowelae:JA 2.257e-02 1.859e-02 1.214 0.224776
## voweli:JA -1.814e-02 1.111e-02 -1.632 0.102796
## vowelu:JA -1.052e-02 9.127e-03 -1.153 0.248982
## vowela:LP 1.913e-02 4.009e-02 0.477 0.633303
## vowelae:LP 1.009e-01 4.679e-02 2.157 0.031085 *
## voweli:LP 1.886e-02 3.473e-02 0.543 0.587094
## vowelu:LP 7.091e-02 3.394e-02 2.090 0.036743 *
## vowela:LD -2.396e-02 1.933e-02 -1.240 0.215253
## vowelae:LD -3.187e-02 2.097e-02 -1.520 0.128729
## voweli:LD -9.331e-03 1.600e-02 -0.583 0.559831
## vowelu:LD -4.178e-02 1.883e-02 -2.219 0.026574 *
## vowela:TCX -8.508e-01 1.362e-01 -6.245 4.86e-10 ***
## vowelae:TCX -2.094e-02 7.244e-02 -0.289 0.772549
## voweli:TCX 1.591e-01 4.910e-02 3.240 0.001211 **
## vowelu:TCX -1.404e-01 6.496e-02 -2.161 0.030777 *
## vowela:TCY -6.356e-01 8.845e-02 -7.186 8.43e-13 ***
## vowelae:TCY -1.441e-01 6.068e-02 -2.374 0.017651 *
## voweli:TCY -2.382e-01 5.500e-02 -4.330 1.54e-05 ***
## vowelu:TCY 4.001e-01 4.860e-02 8.234 2.70e-16 ***
## vowela:TTX 4.424e-03 2.315e-02 0.191 0.848434
## vowelae:TTX -3.155e-02 2.236e-02 -1.411 0.158380
## voweli:TTX -3.975e-02 1.926e-02 -2.064 0.039111 *
## vowelu:TTX -4.169e-02 2.155e-02 -1.935 0.053136 .
## vowela:TTY -1.121e-01 2.444e-02 -4.587 4.68e-06 ***
## vowelae:TTY -4.285e-02 3.428e-02 -1.250 0.211308
## voweli:TTY 1.940e-02 2.099e-02 0.925 0.355289
## vowelu:TTY 7.924e-02 1.842e-02 4.302 1.75e-05 ***
## vowela:TBX -2.759e-02 1.339e-02 -2.060 0.039475 *
## vowelae:TBX -2.295e-02 2.174e-02 -1.056 0.291194
## voweli:TBX 3.082e-02 2.117e-02 1.456 0.145544
## vowelu:TBX 3.340e-02 1.531e-02 2.182 0.029210 *
## vowela:TBY -6.983e-02 2.321e-02 -3.009 0.002643 **
## vowelae:TBY -1.305e-01 4.033e-02 -3.236 0.001226 **
## voweli:TBY -3.260e-02 3.892e-02 -0.838 0.402262
## vowelu:TBY -8.514e-03 2.335e-02 -0.365 0.715481
## vowela:hyoidX -3.817e-01 5.466e-02 -6.983 3.57e-12 ***
## vowelae:hyoidX -1.499e-01 5.228e-02 -2.868 0.004159 **
## voweli:hyoidX 1.959e-01 4.865e-02 4.027 5.79e-05 ***
## vowelu:hyoidX -1.893e-02 4.013e-02 -0.472 0.637117
## vowela:hyoidY 2.869e-01 8.635e-02 3.322 0.000905 ***
## vowelae:hyoidY -1.480e-01 8.613e-02 -1.719 0.085776 .
## voweli:hyoidY -1.668e-01 7.907e-02 -2.110 0.034966 *
## vowelu:hyoidY -1.021e+00 7.017e-02 -14.547 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN:JA 1.866e-02 3.520e-03 5.301 1.24e-07 ***
## LEN:LP -7.985e-02 1.215e-02 -6.570 5.92e-11 ***
## LEN:LD 2.818e-02 5.986e-03 4.708 2.62e-06 ***
## LEN:TCX 1.001e-01 1.268e-02 7.893 4.12e-15 ***
## LEN:TCY 6.073e-02 1.943e-02 3.126 0.001790 **
## LEN:TTX 2.377e-02 7.494e-03 3.172 0.001532 **
## LEN:TTY -1.143e-01 7.434e-03 -15.381 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN:TBX -2.155e-02 5.280e-03 -4.081 4.60e-05 ***
## LEN:TBY -5.448e-02 8.578e-03 -6.351 2.47e-10 ***
## LEN:hyoidX 1.499e-02 1.608e-02 0.932 0.351542
## LEN:hyoidY -2.803e-02 2.687e-02 -1.043 0.296855
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.2476 on 2917 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.8259, Adjusted R-squared: 0.821
## F-statistic: 168.7 on 82 and 2917 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## LEN 1 336.8 336.8 3485.509 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2) 1 205.5 205.5 2126.484 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel 4 72.2 18.0 186.734 < 2e-16 ***
## JA 1 15.7 15.7 162.741 < 2e-16 ***
## LP 1 0.1 0.1 1.075 0.299992
## LD 1 1.7 1.7 17.256 3.36e-05 ***
## TCX 1 22.1 22.1 228.788 < 2e-16 ***
## TCY 1 0.2 0.2 2.284 0.130832
## TTX 1 3.4 3.4 34.903 3.87e-09 ***
## TTY 1 15.9 15.9 164.735 < 2e-16 ***
## TBX 1 8.5 8.5 87.754 < 2e-16 ***
## TBY 1 4.5 4.5 46.123 1.34e-11 ***
## hyoidX 1 0.1 0.1 1.409 0.235356
## hyoidY 1 5.4 5.4 55.441 1.26e-13 ***
## replication 1 0.0 0.0 0.012 0.911738
## generation 1 3.9 3.9 40.256 2.57e-10 ***
## LEN:vowel 4 94.7 23.7 244.928 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowel 4 30.0 7.5 77.687 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel:JA 4 4.2 1.1 10.909 8.85e-09 ***
## vowel:LP 4 4.5 1.1 11.543 2.68e-09 ***
## vowel:LD 4 3.3 0.8 8.595 6.81e-07 ***
## vowel:TCX 4 5.3 1.3 13.642 5.06e-11 ***
## vowel:TCY 4 11.1 2.8 28.630 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel:TTX 4 0.9 0.2 2.236 0.062798 .
## vowel:TTY 4 14.2 3.5 36.632 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel:TBX 4 1.5 0.4 3.799 0.004377 **
## vowel:TBY 4 2.0 0.5 5.246 0.000329 ***
## vowel:hyoidX 4 1.3 0.3 3.326 0.009989 **
## vowel:hyoidY 4 18.1 4.5 46.703 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN:JA 1 5.0 5.0 51.525 8.93e-13 ***
## LEN:LP 1 1.0 1.0 10.717 0.001074 **
## LEN:LD 1 0.4 0.4 3.973 0.046338 *
## LEN:TCX 1 8.6 8.6 88.958 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN:TCY 1 0.4 0.4 3.749 0.052923 .
## LEN:TTX 1 6.4 6.4 66.435 5.31e-16 ***
## LEN:TTY 1 9.1 9.1 94.255 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN:TBX 1 1.8 1.8 18.374 1.87e-05 ***
## LEN:TBY 1 0.3 0.3 3.273 0.070545 .
## LEN:hyoidX 1 0.4 0.4 4.153 0.041656 *
## LEN:hyoidY 1 1.4 1.4 14.198 0.000168 ***
## Residuals 2917 281.9 0.1
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = f3e.m0)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa 0.24590068 0.19691401 0.29488734 0.0000000
## ae-schwa 0.01228932 -0.03669735 0.06127598 0.9598124
## i-schwa -0.02238000 -0.07136667 0.02660666 0.7236744
## u-schwa 0.36119025 0.31220358 0.41017691 0.0000000
## ae-a -0.23361136 -0.28259802 -0.18462469 0.0000000
## i-a -0.26828068 -0.31726735 -0.21929401 0.0000000
## u-a 0.11528957 0.06630290 0.16427623 0.0000000
## i-ae -0.03466932 -0.08365599 0.01431734 0.3006206
## u-ae 0.34890093 0.29991426 0.39788759 0.0000000
## u-i 0.38357025 0.33458358 0.43255691 0.0000000##
## Call:
## lm(formula = F3.error ~ LEN + I(LEN^2) + vowel + JA + LP + LD +
## TCX + TCY + TTX + TTY + TBX + TBY + hyoidX + hyoidY + (LEN:vowel) +
## (I(LEN^2):vowel) + (JA:vowel) + (LP:vowel) + (LD:vowel) +
## (TCX:vowel) + (TCY:vowel) + (TTX:vowel) + (TTY:vowel) + (TBX:vowel) +
## (TBY:vowel) + (hyoidX:vowel) + (hyoidY:vowel) + (JA:LEN) +
## (LP:LEN) + (LD:LEN) + (TCX:LEN) + (TCY:LEN) + (TTX:LEN) +
## (TTY:LEN) + (TBX:LEN) + (TBY:LEN) + (hyoidX:LEN) + (hyoidY:LEN) +
## replication + generation, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -1.84774 -0.11208 0.00065 0.10732 2.32284
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 1.342e+01 1.462e+00 9.179 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN 3.378e+00 3.935e-01 8.583 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2) 1.892e-01 3.049e-02 6.203 6.31e-10 ***
## vowela 8.941e+00 1.987e+00 4.499 7.08e-06 ***
## vowelae -4.960e+00 2.046e+00 -2.425 0.015387 *
## voweli 3.215e+00 1.993e+00 1.613 0.106926
## vowelu 4.543e+00 1.761e+00 2.580 0.009917 **
## JA -2.223e-01 3.501e-02 -6.349 2.51e-10 ***
## LP 5.766e-01 1.197e-01 4.817 1.53e-06 ***
## LD -2.357e-01 6.099e-02 -3.865 0.000113 ***
## TCX -8.906e-01 1.342e-01 -6.638 3.77e-11 ***
## TCY -8.002e-01 1.987e-01 -4.028 5.78e-05 ***
## TTX -4.907e-01 7.939e-02 -6.181 7.28e-10 ***
## TTY 7.123e-01 7.920e-02 8.994 < 2e-16 ***
## TBX 2.080e-01 5.626e-02 3.697 0.000222 ***
## TBY 1.354e-01 9.256e-02 1.463 0.143586
## hyoidX 2.701e-01 1.661e-01 1.626 0.103967
## hyoidY 5.852e-01 2.986e-01 1.959 0.050159 .
## replication -1.501e-05 1.982e-04 -0.076 0.939652
## generation -9.507e-05 6.851e-05 -1.388 0.165347
## LEN:vowela 2.616e+00 4.875e-01 5.367 8.64e-08 ***
## LEN:vowelae -1.732e+00 5.040e-01 -3.436 0.000598 ***
## LEN:voweli 5.783e-01 5.159e-01 1.121 0.262348
## LEN:vowelu 1.070e+00 4.451e-01 2.405 0.016237 *
## I(LEN^2):vowela 2.097e-01 3.050e-02 6.875 7.56e-12 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowelae -1.138e-01 3.192e-02 -3.564 0.000371 ***
## I(LEN^2):voweli 8.829e-03 3.326e-02 0.265 0.790692
## I(LEN^2):vowelu 9.883e-02 2.910e-02 3.397 0.000692 ***
## vowela:JA 2.010e-02 1.688e-02 1.191 0.233755
## vowelae:JA 1.324e-02 2.334e-02 0.567 0.570441
## voweli:JA 4.933e-03 1.396e-02 0.353 0.723744
## vowelu:JA 2.168e-02 1.146e-02 1.892 0.058566 .
## vowela:LP -2.917e-02 5.034e-02 -0.580 0.562280
## vowelae:LP -4.712e-02 5.876e-02 -0.802 0.422706
## voweli:LP -5.008e-02 4.361e-02 -1.148 0.250875
## vowelu:LP -2.048e-01 4.262e-02 -4.805 1.62e-06 ***
## vowela:LD 4.082e-02 2.428e-02 1.682 0.092764 .
## vowelae:LD 2.790e-02 2.634e-02 1.059 0.289627
## voweli:LD 1.729e-02 2.009e-02 0.860 0.389662
## vowelu:LD 7.616e-02 2.364e-02 3.221 0.001290 **
## vowela:TCX 2.266e+00 1.711e-01 13.248 < 2e-16 ***
## vowelae:TCX -2.280e-01 9.097e-02 -2.506 0.012263 *
## voweli:TCX -1.203e-01 6.166e-02 -1.950 0.051239 .
## vowelu:TCX 3.028e-01 8.157e-02 3.712 0.000209 ***
## vowela:TCY 1.216e+00 1.111e-01 10.951 < 2e-16 ***
## vowelae:TCY 2.790e-02 7.620e-02 0.366 0.714265
## voweli:TCY 1.535e-01 6.907e-02 2.223 0.026325 *
## vowelu:TCY -2.165e-01 6.102e-02 -3.547 0.000395 ***
## vowela:TTX -7.237e-02 2.906e-02 -2.490 0.012831 *
## vowelae:TTX -4.279e-02 2.808e-02 -1.524 0.127673
## voweli:TTX 4.446e-02 2.418e-02 1.839 0.066083 .
## vowelu:TTX 7.106e-02 2.706e-02 2.626 0.008686 **
## vowela:TTY 1.661e-01 3.069e-02 5.413 6.68e-08 ***
## vowelae:TTY -3.634e-02 4.304e-02 -0.844 0.398519
## voweli:TTY -3.419e-02 2.636e-02 -1.297 0.194594
## vowelu:TTY -2.263e-01 2.313e-02 -9.783 < 2e-16 ***
## vowela:TBX 2.722e-02 1.682e-02 1.618 0.105684
## vowelae:TBX -1.304e-02 2.730e-02 -0.478 0.632999
## voweli:TBX -3.109e-02 2.659e-02 -1.169 0.242321
## vowelu:TBX -5.251e-02 1.922e-02 -2.731 0.006344 **
## vowela:TBY 3.372e-02 2.914e-02 1.157 0.247282
## vowelae:TBY -3.626e-02 5.064e-02 -0.716 0.473983
## voweli:TBY 2.742e-02 4.887e-02 0.561 0.574836
## vowelu:TBY -4.695e-02 2.933e-02 -1.601 0.109466
## vowela:hyoidX 4.563e-01 6.864e-02 6.648 3.54e-11 ***
## vowelae:hyoidX 6.696e-02 6.565e-02 1.020 0.307863
## voweli:hyoidX -3.029e-01 6.109e-02 -4.957 7.55e-07 ***
## vowelu:hyoidX 1.205e-02 5.039e-02 0.239 0.811062
## vowela:hyoidY -9.053e-01 1.084e-01 -8.350 < 2e-16 ***
## vowelae:hyoidY 3.019e-01 1.082e-01 2.791 0.005282 **
## voweli:hyoidY -5.077e-02 9.929e-02 -0.511 0.609123
## vowelu:hyoidY 5.230e-01 8.811e-02 5.936 3.27e-09 ***
## LEN:JA -3.115e-02 4.420e-03 -7.046 2.28e-12 ***
## LEN:LP 7.140e-02 1.526e-02 4.679 3.01e-06 ***
## LEN:LD -2.849e-02 7.516e-03 -3.791 0.000153 ***
## LEN:TCX -1.470e-01 1.593e-02 -9.232 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN:TCY -1.088e-01 2.440e-02 -4.459 8.56e-06 ***
## LEN:TTX -5.819e-02 9.410e-03 -6.184 7.12e-10 ***
## LEN:TTY 8.613e-02 9.335e-03 9.227 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN:TBX 2.956e-02 6.631e-03 4.458 8.58e-06 ***
## LEN:TBY 1.866e-02 1.077e-02 1.732 0.083343 .
## LEN:hyoidX 2.266e-02 2.020e-02 1.122 0.261985
## LEN:hyoidY 1.271e-01 3.374e-02 3.768 0.000168 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.3109 on 2917 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.7658, Adjusted R-squared: 0.7592
## F-statistic: 116.3 on 82 and 2917 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16F4
## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## LEN 1 65.88 65.88 1791.539 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2) 1 0.56 0.56 15.106 0.000104 ***
## vowel 4 164.02 41.00 1115.022 < 2e-16 ***
## JA 1 0.11 0.11 2.890 0.089254 .
## LP 1 2.20 2.20 59.761 1.46e-14 ***
## LD 1 0.86 0.86 23.394 1.39e-06 ***
## TCX 1 3.53 3.53 95.997 < 2e-16 ***
## TCY 1 0.01 0.01 0.161 0.688707
## TTX 1 1.97 1.97 53.472 3.37e-13 ***
## TTY 1 18.06 18.06 491.131 < 2e-16 ***
## TBX 1 0.62 0.62 16.795 4.28e-05 ***
## TBY 1 0.44 0.44 12.094 0.000513 ***
## hyoidX 1 0.00 0.00 0.003 0.958270
## hyoidY 1 4.74 4.74 128.795 < 2e-16 ***
## replication 1 0.04 0.04 1.108 0.292539
## generation 1 2.65 2.65 71.968 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN:vowel 4 11.13 2.78 75.632 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowel 4 17.95 4.49 122.055 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel:JA 4 2.41 0.60 16.365 2.89e-13 ***
## vowel:LP 4 2.61 0.65 17.753 2.08e-14 ***
## vowel:LD 4 0.96 0.24 6.558 2.99e-05 ***
## vowel:TCX 4 12.28 3.07 83.460 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel:TCY 4 8.49 2.12 57.717 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel:TTX 4 0.68 0.17 4.610 0.001036 **
## vowel:TTY 4 2.18 0.54 14.795 5.69e-12 ***
## vowel:TBX 4 0.14 0.03 0.951 0.433485
## vowel:TBY 4 0.39 0.10 2.632 0.032648 *
## vowel:hyoidX 4 7.84 1.96 53.282 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel:hyoidY 4 7.18 1.79 48.790 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN:JA 1 1.14 1.14 31.066 2.72e-08 ***
## LEN:LP 1 1.49 1.49 40.420 2.37e-10 ***
## LEN:LD 1 0.70 0.70 19.131 1.26e-05 ***
## LEN:TCX 1 0.00 0.00 0.004 0.948325
## LEN:TCY 1 6.65 6.65 180.727 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN:TTX 1 0.33 0.33 8.845 0.002964 **
## LEN:TTY 1 27.26 27.26 741.186 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN:TBX 1 2.77 2.77 75.254 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN:TBY 1 0.02 0.02 0.508 0.476025
## LEN:hyoidX 1 0.22 0.22 5.924 0.014998 *
## LEN:hyoidY 1 0.22 0.22 5.973 0.014589 *
## Residuals 2917 107.27 0.04
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = f4.m0)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa -0.18706467 -0.217284443 -0.15684489 0.0000000
## ae-schwa 0.03495083 0.004731057 0.06517061 0.0139374
## i-schwa 0.50373283 0.473513057 0.53395261 0.0000000
## u-schwa -0.04582850 -0.076048276 -0.01560872 0.0003453
## ae-a 0.22201550 0.191795724 0.25223528 0.0000000
## i-a 0.69079750 0.660577724 0.72101728 0.0000000
## u-a 0.14123617 0.111016391 0.17145594 0.0000000
## i-ae 0.46878200 0.438562224 0.49900178 0.0000000
## u-ae -0.08077933 -0.110999109 -0.05055956 0.0000000
## u-i -0.54956133 -0.579781109 -0.51934156 0.0000000##
## Call:
## lm(formula = F4 ~ LEN + I(LEN^2) + vowel + JA + LP + LD + TCX +
## TCY + TTX + TTY + TBX + TBY + hyoidX + hyoidY + (LEN:vowel) +
## (I(LEN^2):vowel) + (JA:vowel) + (LP:vowel) + (LD:vowel) +
## (TCX:vowel) + (TCY:vowel) + (TTX:vowel) + (TTY:vowel) + (TBX:vowel) +
## (TBY:vowel) + (hyoidX:vowel) + (hyoidY:vowel) + (JA:LEN) +
## (LP:LEN) + (LD:LEN) + (TCX:LEN) + (TCY:LEN) + (TTX:LEN) +
## (TTY:LEN) + (TBX:LEN) + (TBY:LEN) + (hyoidX:LEN) + (hyoidY:LEN) +
## replication + generation, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.95512 -0.08366 -0.00757 0.07324 1.39072
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 1.906e+01 9.018e-01 21.141 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN 8.888e-01 2.428e-01 3.661 0.000255 ***
## I(LEN^2) 5.937e-02 1.881e-02 3.156 0.001614 **
## vowela -2.547e+00 1.226e+00 -2.077 0.037851 *
## vowelae -8.083e-01 1.262e+00 -0.641 0.521889
## voweli 1.361e+00 1.230e+00 1.107 0.268490
## vowelu 1.230e+01 1.086e+00 11.329 < 2e-16 ***
## JA 8.062e-02 2.160e-02 3.732 0.000193 ***
## LP -5.549e-01 7.385e-02 -7.515 7.54e-14 ***
## LD 1.907e-01 3.763e-02 5.068 4.28e-07 ***
## TCX 1.295e-01 8.277e-02 1.565 0.117728
## TCY -1.522e+00 1.226e-01 -12.419 < 2e-16 ***
## TTX -1.655e-01 4.897e-02 -3.380 0.000734 ***
## TTY -1.286e+00 4.886e-02 -26.320 < 2e-16 ***
## TBX -1.976e-01 3.470e-02 -5.695 1.36e-08 ***
## TBY 1.070e-01 5.710e-02 1.874 0.061047 .
## hyoidX 1.614e-01 1.025e-01 1.575 0.115373
## hyoidY 2.966e-01 1.842e-01 1.610 0.107460
## replication -6.552e-05 1.223e-04 -0.536 0.592153
## generation 1.788e-05 4.226e-05 0.423 0.672248
## LEN:vowela -5.429e-01 3.007e-01 -1.805 0.071142 .
## LEN:vowelae -3.827e-01 3.109e-01 -1.231 0.218504
## LEN:voweli -3.709e-02 3.182e-01 -0.117 0.907233
## LEN:vowelu 2.960e+00 2.746e-01 10.780 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowela -3.358e-02 1.881e-02 -1.785 0.074348 .
## I(LEN^2):vowelae -2.481e-02 1.969e-02 -1.260 0.207821
## I(LEN^2):voweli -1.485e-02 2.052e-02 -0.724 0.469216
## I(LEN^2):vowelu 1.660e-01 1.795e-02 9.247 < 2e-16 ***
## vowela:JA 1.714e-03 1.041e-02 0.165 0.869255
## vowelae:JA -1.775e-02 1.440e-02 -1.233 0.217663
## voweli:JA -4.185e-02 8.609e-03 -4.861 1.23e-06 ***
## vowelu:JA 4.229e-04 7.070e-03 0.060 0.952300
## vowela:LP 1.775e-02 3.105e-02 0.572 0.567569
## vowelae:LP -2.092e-02 3.625e-02 -0.577 0.563978
## voweli:LP -5.569e-02 2.690e-02 -2.070 0.038526 *
## vowelu:LP -1.783e-01 2.629e-02 -6.782 1.43e-11 ***
## vowela:LD 1.907e-02 1.498e-02 1.273 0.202957
## vowelae:LD 5.142e-03 1.625e-02 0.316 0.751685
## voweli:LD 4.927e-02 1.239e-02 3.975 7.21e-05 ***
## vowelu:LD 6.070e-02 1.458e-02 4.162 3.25e-05 ***
## vowela:TCX 5.906e-01 1.055e-01 5.596 2.40e-08 ***
## vowelae:TCX -8.784e-02 5.612e-02 -1.565 0.117621
## voweli:TCX -1.275e-01 3.804e-02 -3.352 0.000813 ***
## vowelu:TCX -2.111e-01 5.032e-02 -4.195 2.81e-05 ***
## vowela:TCY 4.691e-01 6.852e-02 6.846 9.20e-12 ***
## vowelae:TCY 7.942e-02 4.701e-02 1.690 0.091219 .
## voweli:TCY 1.805e-01 4.261e-02 4.235 2.35e-05 ***
## vowelu:TCY 2.911e-01 3.765e-02 7.733 1.44e-14 ***
## vowela:TTX 5.675e-02 1.793e-02 3.165 0.001565 **
## vowelae:TTX 5.468e-02 1.732e-02 3.157 0.001612 **
## voweli:TTX 6.450e-02 1.492e-02 4.323 1.59e-05 ***
## vowelu:TTX 2.763e-02 1.669e-02 1.655 0.097964 .
## vowela:TTY 2.683e-02 1.893e-02 1.418 0.156433
## vowelae:TTY 9.159e-02 2.655e-02 3.449 0.000570 ***
## voweli:TTY 1.121e-02 1.626e-02 0.689 0.490740
## vowelu:TTY -6.984e-02 1.427e-02 -4.895 1.04e-06 ***
## vowela:TBX -2.383e-02 1.037e-02 -2.297 0.021713 *
## vowelae:TBX -1.023e-02 1.684e-02 -0.607 0.543586
## voweli:TBX -2.957e-02 1.640e-02 -1.803 0.071461 .
## vowelu:TBX -5.075e-02 1.186e-02 -4.279 1.94e-05 ***
## vowela:TBY -3.125e-02 1.798e-02 -1.738 0.082247 .
## vowelae:TBY -8.472e-02 3.124e-02 -2.712 0.006728 **
## voweli:TBY 3.612e-02 3.015e-02 1.198 0.230953
## vowelu:TBY -7.242e-02 1.809e-02 -4.003 6.41e-05 ***
## vowela:hyoidX 3.448e-01 4.234e-02 8.145 5.58e-16 ***
## vowelae:hyoidX 9.403e-02 4.050e-02 2.322 0.020306 *
## voweli:hyoidX -2.135e-01 3.769e-02 -5.665 1.61e-08 ***
## vowelu:hyoidX -7.277e-02 3.109e-02 -2.341 0.019299 *
## vowela:hyoidY -4.503e-01 6.689e-02 -6.732 2.01e-11 ***
## vowelae:hyoidY 1.205e-01 6.672e-02 1.806 0.071053 .
## voweli:hyoidY 1.752e-01 6.125e-02 2.860 0.004260 **
## vowelu:hyoidY -1.653e-01 5.436e-02 -3.040 0.002384 **
## LEN:JA 1.043e-02 2.727e-03 3.825 0.000133 ***
## LEN:LP -7.433e-02 9.414e-03 -7.896 4.03e-15 ***
## LEN:LD 2.553e-02 4.637e-03 5.507 3.98e-08 ***
## LEN:TCX 3.939e-03 9.825e-03 0.401 0.688533
## LEN:TCY -1.912e-01 1.505e-02 -12.702 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN:TTX -1.389e-02 5.805e-03 -2.392 0.016810 *
## LEN:TTY -1.546e-01 5.759e-03 -26.850 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN:TBX -3.025e-02 4.090e-03 -7.395 1.84e-13 ***
## LEN:TBY 4.891e-03 6.645e-03 0.736 0.461785
## LEN:hyoidX 2.256e-02 1.246e-02 1.810 0.070345 .
## LEN:hyoidY 5.086e-02 2.081e-02 2.444 0.014589 *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.1918 on 2917 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.7802, Adjusted R-squared: 0.774
## F-statistic: 126.2 on 82 and 2917 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## LEN 1 0.11 0.114 1.920 0.165948
## I(LEN^2) 1 6.12 6.125 103.256 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel 4 23.65 5.912 99.667 < 2e-16 ***
## JA 1 0.78 0.783 13.198 0.000285 ***
## LP 1 1.73 1.733 29.222 6.98e-08 ***
## LD 1 0.05 0.054 0.905 0.341442
## TCX 1 5.60 5.604 94.485 < 2e-16 ***
## TCY 1 0.92 0.923 15.564 8.16e-05 ***
## TTX 1 0.03 0.034 0.572 0.449431
## TTY 1 27.30 27.302 460.277 < 2e-16 ***
## TBX 1 1.39 1.390 23.431 1.36e-06 ***
## TBY 1 0.23 0.234 3.947 0.047047 *
## hyoidX 1 1.23 1.230 20.736 5.49e-06 ***
## hyoidY 1 0.12 0.117 1.979 0.159630
## replication 1 0.00 0.002 0.033 0.856053
## generation 1 7.55 7.545 127.202 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN:vowel 4 10.17 2.542 42.853 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowel 4 10.60 2.651 44.695 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel:JA 4 2.02 0.504 8.496 8.19e-07 ***
## vowel:LP 4 2.67 0.666 11.234 4.80e-09 ***
## vowel:LD 4 0.46 0.115 1.937 0.101557
## vowel:TCX 4 8.98 2.245 37.845 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel:TCY 4 1.91 0.478 8.051 1.88e-06 ***
## vowel:TTX 4 0.23 0.058 0.979 0.417585
## vowel:TTY 4 6.86 1.716 28.928 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel:TBX 4 0.49 0.123 2.073 0.081720 .
## vowel:TBY 4 1.58 0.394 6.640 2.57e-05 ***
## vowel:hyoidX 4 3.03 0.758 12.773 2.62e-10 ***
## vowel:hyoidY 4 0.21 0.052 0.873 0.479373
## LEN:JA 1 1.96 1.962 33.076 9.78e-09 ***
## LEN:LP 1 2.80 2.801 47.217 7.74e-12 ***
## LEN:LD 1 2.39 2.394 40.368 2.43e-10 ***
## LEN:TCX 1 0.03 0.032 0.547 0.459528
## LEN:TCY 1 0.64 0.637 10.731 0.001066 **
## LEN:TTX 1 0.00 0.005 0.078 0.780510
## LEN:TTY 1 23.02 23.016 388.016 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN:TBX 1 0.00 0.001 0.024 0.875771
## LEN:TBY 1 0.80 0.805 13.566 0.000234 ***
## LEN:hyoidX 1 0.26 0.258 4.357 0.036946 *
## LEN:hyoidY 1 1.61 1.608 27.102 2.06e-07 ***
## Residuals 2917 173.02 0.059
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = f4e.m0)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa 0.07531938 0.03693935 0.113699402 0.0000009
## ae-schwa 0.08824385 0.04986383 0.126623878 0.0000000
## i-schwa 0.05149025 0.01311022 0.089870274 0.0023666
## u-schwa 0.26251898 0.22413895 0.300899006 0.0000000
## ae-a 0.01292448 -0.02545555 0.051304501 0.8896131
## i-a -0.02382913 -0.06220915 0.014550898 0.4373629
## u-a 0.18719960 0.14881958 0.225579630 0.0000000
## i-ae -0.03675360 -0.07513363 0.001626422 0.0681041
## u-ae 0.17427513 0.13589510 0.212655155 0.0000000
## u-i 0.21102873 0.17264871 0.249408758 0.0000000##
## Call:
## lm(formula = F4.error ~ LEN + I(LEN^2) + vowel + JA + LP + LD +
## TCX + TCY + TTX + TTY + TBX + TBY + hyoidX + hyoidY + (LEN:vowel) +
## (I(LEN^2):vowel) + (JA:vowel) + (LP:vowel) + (LD:vowel) +
## (TCX:vowel) + (TCY:vowel) + (TTX:vowel) + (TTY:vowel) + (TBX:vowel) +
## (TBY:vowel) + (hyoidX:vowel) + (hyoidY:vowel) + (JA:LEN) +
## (LP:LEN) + (LD:LEN) + (TCX:LEN) + (TCY:LEN) + (TTX:LEN) +
## (TTY:LEN) + (TBX:LEN) + (TBY:LEN) + (hyoidX:LEN) + (hyoidY:LEN) +
## replication + generation, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -1.1781 -0.0789 -0.0103 0.0589 3.9665
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 9.053e+00 1.145e+00 7.905 3.78e-15 ***
## LEN 1.728e+00 3.083e-01 5.606 2.27e-08 ***
## I(LEN^2) 8.209e-02 2.389e-02 3.436 0.000598 ***
## vowela 9.448e-01 1.557e+00 0.607 0.543982
## vowelae -1.761e+00 1.603e+00 -1.099 0.272037
## voweli -2.652e+00 1.562e+00 -1.698 0.089636 .
## vowelu 1.073e+01 1.379e+00 7.779 1.00e-14 ***
## JA 6.182e-02 2.743e-02 2.254 0.024291 *
## LP -7.815e-01 9.379e-02 -8.332 < 2e-16 ***
## LD 3.293e-01 4.779e-02 6.890 6.79e-12 ***
## TCX -2.269e-01 1.051e-01 -2.159 0.030948 *
## TCY -3.723e-01 1.557e-01 -2.392 0.016842 *
## TTX -2.478e-01 6.220e-02 -3.985 6.93e-05 ***
## TTY -1.273e+00 6.205e-02 -20.516 < 2e-16 ***
## TBX -1.054e-01 4.408e-02 -2.390 0.016889 *
## TBY -2.659e-01 7.252e-02 -3.667 0.000249 ***
## hyoidX -4.413e-01 1.301e-01 -3.391 0.000705 ***
## hyoidY 1.217e+00 2.340e-01 5.200 2.13e-07 ***
## replication -1.329e-04 1.553e-04 -0.855 0.392393
## generation -2.835e-04 5.368e-05 -5.282 1.37e-07 ***
## LEN:vowela 3.378e-01 3.819e-01 0.884 0.376539
## LEN:vowelae -8.968e-02 3.949e-01 -0.227 0.820355
## LEN:voweli -7.193e-01 4.042e-01 -1.780 0.075207 .
## LEN:vowelu 2.401e+00 3.487e-01 6.885 7.03e-12 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowela 2.747e-02 2.389e-02 1.150 0.250343
## I(LEN^2):vowelae 6.036e-03 2.501e-02 0.241 0.809302
## I(LEN^2):voweli -6.685e-02 2.606e-02 -2.565 0.010361 *
## I(LEN^2):vowelu 1.232e-01 2.280e-02 5.406 6.97e-08 ***
## vowela:JA 7.338e-04 1.322e-02 0.055 0.955752
## vowelae:JA -6.064e-03 1.828e-02 -0.332 0.740190
## voweli:JA -1.494e-02 1.093e-02 -1.366 0.171903
## vowelu:JA 1.640e-02 8.979e-03 1.827 0.067798 .
## vowela:LP 4.146e-02 3.944e-02 1.051 0.293232
## vowelae:LP 2.827e-02 4.604e-02 0.614 0.539151
## voweli:LP -6.228e-02 3.417e-02 -1.823 0.068413 .
## vowelu:LP -1.825e-01 3.339e-02 -5.467 4.96e-08 ***
## vowela:LD -1.346e-02 1.902e-02 -0.708 0.479130
## vowelae:LD 2.976e-03 2.064e-02 0.144 0.885355
## voweli:LD 2.341e-02 1.574e-02 1.487 0.137043
## vowelu:LD 3.352e-02 1.852e-02 1.809 0.070489 .
## vowela:TCX -2.691e-01 1.340e-01 -2.008 0.044754 *
## vowelae:TCX 4.533e-02 7.127e-02 0.636 0.524837
## voweli:TCX -3.484e-02 4.831e-02 -0.721 0.470795
## vowelu:TCX -2.890e-02 6.391e-02 -0.452 0.651101
## vowela:TCY -2.409e-01 8.702e-02 -2.768 0.005673 **
## vowelae:TCY -7.413e-02 5.970e-02 -1.242 0.214424
## voweli:TCY -1.007e-02 5.411e-02 -0.186 0.852461
## vowelu:TCY 7.357e-02 4.781e-02 1.539 0.123973
## vowela:TTX -3.850e-02 2.277e-02 -1.691 0.091028 .
## vowelae:TTX -2.128e-02 2.200e-02 -0.967 0.333588
## voweli:TTX 1.353e-02 1.895e-02 0.714 0.475289
## vowelu:TTX -3.915e-02 2.120e-02 -1.847 0.064901 .
## vowela:TTY -4.438e-02 2.404e-02 -1.846 0.065025 .
## vowelae:TTY 1.099e-01 3.372e-02 3.258 0.001135 **
## voweli:TTY 4.186e-02 2.065e-02 2.027 0.042732 *
## vowelu:TTY -1.248e-01 1.812e-02 -6.884 7.08e-12 ***
## vowela:TBX -1.651e-02 1.318e-02 -1.253 0.210425
## vowelae:TBX 2.441e-02 2.139e-02 1.141 0.253915
## voweli:TBX 6.608e-02 2.083e-02 3.172 0.001529 **
## vowelu:TBX -2.961e-02 1.506e-02 -1.966 0.049418 *
## vowela:TBY 2.021e-02 2.283e-02 0.885 0.376177
## vowelae:TBY 5.717e-02 3.967e-02 1.441 0.149724
## voweli:TBY 1.673e-01 3.829e-02 4.369 1.29e-05 ***
## vowelu:TBY -4.521e-02 2.298e-02 -1.968 0.049191 *
## vowela:hyoidX 9.741e-02 5.377e-02 1.811 0.070168 .
## vowelae:hyoidX -6.940e-02 5.143e-02 -1.349 0.177353
## voweli:hyoidX -2.655e-02 4.786e-02 -0.555 0.579143
## vowelu:hyoidX -8.818e-02 3.948e-02 -2.233 0.025593 *
## vowela:hyoidY 9.378e-02 8.495e-02 1.104 0.269696
## vowelae:hyoidY -1.186e-01 8.474e-02 -1.400 0.161642
## voweli:hyoidY -1.481e-01 7.779e-02 -1.904 0.056957 .
## vowelu:hyoidY -2.163e-01 6.903e-02 -3.133 0.001750 **
## LEN:JA 9.209e-03 3.463e-03 2.659 0.007871 **
## LEN:LP -1.003e-01 1.196e-02 -8.390 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN:LD 4.069e-02 5.889e-03 6.909 5.95e-12 ***
## LEN:TCX -2.986e-02 1.248e-02 -2.393 0.016764 *
## LEN:TCY -5.172e-02 1.911e-02 -2.706 0.006848 **
## LEN:TTX -3.296e-02 7.373e-03 -4.470 8.11e-06 ***
## LEN:TTY -1.513e-01 7.314e-03 -20.688 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN:TBX -1.217e-02 5.195e-03 -2.343 0.019198 *
## LEN:TBY -3.446e-02 8.440e-03 -4.083 4.57e-05 ***
## LEN:hyoidX -5.100e-02 1.582e-02 -3.223 0.001284 **
## LEN:hyoidY 1.376e-01 2.643e-02 5.206 2.06e-07 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.2435 on 2917 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.4798, Adjusted R-squared: 0.4651
## F-statistic: 32.8 on 82 and 2917 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16F5
## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## LEN 1 65.93 65.93 2054.018 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2) 1 77.15 77.15 2403.542 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel 4 106.48 26.62 829.339 < 2e-16 ***
## JA 1 0.54 0.54 16.687 4.53e-05 ***
## LP 1 4.03 4.03 125.603 < 2e-16 ***
## LD 1 1.73 1.73 53.986 2.61e-13 ***
## TCX 1 4.49 4.49 139.743 < 2e-16 ***
## TCY 1 1.17 1.17 36.296 1.91e-09 ***
## TTX 1 0.00 0.00 0.038 0.845622
## TTY 1 8.07 8.07 251.288 < 2e-16 ***
## TBX 1 0.47 0.47 14.732 0.000127 ***
## TBY 1 0.61 0.61 18.914 1.41e-05 ***
## hyoidX 1 0.11 0.11 3.450 0.063342 .
## hyoidY 1 0.07 0.07 2.258 0.132998
## replication 1 0.05 0.05 1.572 0.210074
## generation 1 3.04 3.04 94.859 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN:vowel 4 23.10 5.77 179.887 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowel 4 78.80 19.70 613.784 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel:JA 4 0.97 0.24 7.557 4.71e-06 ***
## vowel:LP 4 1.04 0.26 8.108 1.69e-06 ***
## vowel:LD 4 1.64 0.41 12.770 2.64e-10 ***
## vowel:TCX 4 4.90 1.23 38.166 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel:TCY 4 1.49 0.37 11.624 2.30e-09 ***
## vowel:TTX 4 0.70 0.17 5.416 0.000242 ***
## vowel:TTY 4 7.15 1.79 55.726 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel:TBX 4 0.18 0.04 1.371 0.241265
## vowel:TBY 4 1.03 0.26 8.014 2.01e-06 ***
## vowel:hyoidX 4 0.17 0.04 1.303 0.266630
## vowel:hyoidY 4 1.04 0.26 8.118 1.66e-06 ***
## LEN:JA 1 1.22 1.22 38.031 7.92e-10 ***
## LEN:LP 1 0.20 0.20 6.303 0.012110 *
## LEN:LD 1 0.40 0.40 12.609 0.000390 ***
## LEN:TCX 1 0.15 0.15 4.617 0.031738 *
## LEN:TCY 1 0.80 0.80 24.881 6.46e-07 ***
## LEN:TTX 1 0.44 0.44 13.627 0.000227 ***
## LEN:TTY 1 0.93 0.93 28.920 8.14e-08 ***
## LEN:TBX 1 0.32 0.32 9.895 0.001674 **
## LEN:TBY 1 0.02 0.02 0.613 0.433566
## LEN:hyoidX 1 0.22 0.22 6.934 0.008503 **
## LEN:hyoidY 1 0.71 0.71 22.050 2.78e-06 ***
## Residuals 2917 93.63 0.03
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = f5.m0)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa 0.02494017 -0.003292715 0.053173049 0.1125456
## ae-schwa 0.09895817 0.070725285 0.127191049 0.0000000
## i-schwa -0.03595900 -0.064191882 -0.007726118 0.0046859
## u-schwa -0.43585017 -0.464083049 -0.407617285 0.0000000
## ae-a 0.07401800 0.045785118 0.102250882 0.0000000
## i-a -0.06089917 -0.089132049 -0.032666285 0.0000000
## u-a -0.46079033 -0.489023215 -0.432557451 0.0000000
## i-ae -0.13491717 -0.163150049 -0.106684285 0.0000000
## u-ae -0.53480833 -0.563041215 -0.506575451 0.0000000
## u-i -0.39989117 -0.428124049 -0.371658285 0.0000000##
## Call:
## lm(formula = F5 ~ LEN + I(LEN^2) + vowel + JA + LP + LD + TCX +
## TCY + TTX + TTY + TBX + TBY + hyoidX + hyoidY + (LEN:vowel) +
## (I(LEN^2):vowel) + (JA:vowel) + (LP:vowel) + (LD:vowel) +
## (TCX:vowel) + (TCY:vowel) + (TTX:vowel) + (TTY:vowel) + (TBX:vowel) +
## (TBY:vowel) + (hyoidX:vowel) + (hyoidY:vowel) + (JA:LEN) +
## (LP:LEN) + (LD:LEN) + (TCX:LEN) + (TCY:LEN) + (TTX:LEN) +
## (TTY:LEN) + (TBX:LEN) + (TBY:LEN) + (hyoidX:LEN) + (hyoidY:LEN) +
## replication + generation, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -1.05127 -0.07931 0.00146 0.07900 1.45999
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 2.578e+01 8.425e-01 30.597 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN 2.404e+00 2.268e-01 10.601 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2) 1.803e-01 1.757e-02 10.259 < 2e-16 ***
## vowela 5.508e+00 1.145e+00 4.810 1.59e-06 ***
## vowelae 3.170e+00 1.179e+00 2.689 0.007213 **
## voweli -3.854e+00 1.149e+00 -3.355 0.000805 ***
## vowelu 3.041e+01 1.015e+00 29.969 < 2e-16 ***
## JA 8.592e-02 2.018e-02 4.258 2.13e-05 ***
## LP -2.818e-01 6.899e-02 -4.084 4.55e-05 ***
## LD 1.500e-01 3.515e-02 4.267 2.04e-05 ***
## TCX 3.081e-01 7.733e-02 3.985 6.92e-05 ***
## TCY -3.431e-01 1.145e-01 -2.996 0.002756 **
## TTX 1.315e-01 4.575e-02 2.874 0.004086 **
## TTY -2.349e-01 4.564e-02 -5.146 2.84e-07 ***
## TBX -9.478e-02 3.242e-02 -2.923 0.003491 **
## TBY -6.303e-02 5.335e-02 -1.182 0.237496
## hyoidX -1.642e-01 9.573e-02 -1.716 0.086319 .
## hyoidY -6.865e-01 1.721e-01 -3.988 6.81e-05 ***
## replication -6.378e-05 1.142e-04 -0.558 0.576700
## generation -1.632e-04 3.949e-05 -4.132 3.69e-05 ***
## LEN:vowela 1.255e+00 2.810e-01 4.465 8.30e-06 ***
## LEN:vowelae 6.407e-01 2.905e-01 2.206 0.027478 *
## LEN:voweli -1.218e+00 2.973e-01 -4.096 4.33e-05 ***
## LEN:vowelu 7.672e+00 2.565e-01 29.908 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowela 6.707e-02 1.758e-02 3.816 0.000139 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowelae 2.976e-02 1.840e-02 1.618 0.105802
## I(LEN^2):voweli -7.564e-02 1.917e-02 -3.946 8.14e-05 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowelu 4.609e-01 1.677e-02 27.481 < 2e-16 ***
## vowela:JA 3.462e-02 9.727e-03 3.559 0.000378 ***
## vowelae:JA 1.972e-02 1.345e-02 1.466 0.142693
## voweli:JA 1.277e-02 8.043e-03 1.588 0.112494
## vowelu:JA 2.964e-02 6.605e-03 4.487 7.49e-06 ***
## vowela:LP 5.869e-02 2.901e-02 2.023 0.043167 *
## vowelae:LP 1.045e-01 3.387e-02 3.086 0.002045 **
## voweli:LP -2.606e-02 2.513e-02 -1.037 0.299798
## vowelu:LP -3.859e-02 2.456e-02 -1.571 0.116284
## vowela:LD -4.183e-02 1.399e-02 -2.990 0.002818 **
## vowelae:LD -5.206e-02 1.518e-02 -3.430 0.000613 ***
## voweli:LD 1.155e-02 1.158e-02 0.997 0.318655
## vowelu:LD 1.862e-02 1.363e-02 1.367 0.171839
## vowela:TCX -4.777e-01 9.860e-02 -4.845 1.33e-06 ***
## vowelae:TCX -2.205e-02 5.243e-02 -0.421 0.674070
## voweli:TCX -1.213e-01 3.554e-02 -3.414 0.000648 ***
## vowelu:TCX 2.438e-01 4.701e-02 5.186 2.29e-07 ***
## vowela:TCY -4.075e-01 6.401e-02 -6.366 2.25e-10 ***
## vowelae:TCY -8.812e-02 4.392e-02 -2.007 0.044895 *
## voweli:TCY -2.381e-02 3.981e-02 -0.598 0.549858
## vowelu:TCY -1.020e-01 3.517e-02 -2.899 0.003768 **
## vowela:TTX 1.960e-02 1.675e-02 1.170 0.241986
## vowelae:TTX 3.234e-02 1.618e-02 1.999 0.045751 *
## voweli:TTX -7.062e-03 1.394e-02 -0.507 0.612452
## vowelu:TTX -2.815e-02 1.560e-02 -1.805 0.071198 .
## vowela:TTY -5.012e-02 1.769e-02 -2.834 0.004627 **
## vowelae:TTY -7.758e-02 2.481e-02 -3.128 0.001780 **
## voweli:TTY 6.987e-02 1.519e-02 4.599 4.42e-06 ***
## vowelu:TTY -1.184e-01 1.333e-02 -8.883 < 2e-16 ***
## vowela:TBX -3.706e-03 9.692e-03 -0.382 0.702249
## vowelae:TBX -1.478e-02 1.573e-02 -0.939 0.347711
## voweli:TBX 4.212e-03 1.532e-02 0.275 0.783441
## vowelu:TBX -2.038e-02 1.108e-02 -1.840 0.065933 .
## vowela:TBY 2.228e-02 1.680e-02 1.326 0.184810
## vowelae:TBY -7.191e-02 2.918e-02 -2.464 0.013797 *
## voweli:TBY -7.859e-03 2.816e-02 -0.279 0.780222
## vowelu:TBY -6.983e-03 1.690e-02 -0.413 0.679528
## vowela:hyoidX -4.706e-02 3.956e-02 -1.190 0.234231
## vowelae:hyoidX 1.808e-02 3.784e-02 0.478 0.632859
## voweli:hyoidX 5.479e-02 3.521e-02 1.556 0.119791
## vowelu:hyoidX -4.183e-02 2.904e-02 -1.440 0.149844
## vowela:hyoidY 2.233e-01 6.249e-02 3.574 0.000357 ***
## vowelae:hyoidY 2.964e-02 6.233e-02 0.475 0.634469
## voweli:hyoidY 1.720e-01 5.722e-02 3.006 0.002672 **
## vowelu:hyoidY -1.451e-01 5.078e-02 -2.857 0.004313 **
## LEN:JA 1.340e-02 2.547e-03 5.261 1.54e-07 ***
## LEN:LP -3.142e-02 8.795e-03 -3.573 0.000359 ***
## LEN:LD 1.714e-02 4.332e-03 3.956 7.81e-05 ***
## LEN:TCX 3.039e-02 9.179e-03 3.311 0.000939 ***
## LEN:TCY -4.348e-02 1.406e-02 -3.092 0.002004 **
## LEN:TTX 1.575e-02 5.423e-03 2.904 0.003716 **
## LEN:TTY -2.525e-02 5.380e-03 -4.694 2.80e-06 ***
## LEN:TBX -1.127e-02 3.821e-03 -2.950 0.003199 **
## LEN:TBY -4.337e-03 6.208e-03 -0.699 0.484860
## LEN:hyoidX -1.734e-02 1.164e-02 -1.489 0.136517
## LEN:hyoidY -9.130e-02 1.944e-02 -4.696 2.78e-06 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.1792 on 2917 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.8109, Adjusted R-squared: 0.8056
## F-statistic: 152.6 on 82 and 2917 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## LEN 1 78.9 78.94 976.906 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2) 1 162.8 162.76 2014.139 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel 4 363.9 90.98 1125.888 < 2e-16 ***
## JA 1 0.1 0.13 1.548 0.213604
## LP 1 9.4 9.42 116.544 < 2e-16 ***
## LD 1 9.1 9.15 113.183 < 2e-16 ***
## TCX 1 53.4 53.37 660.518 < 2e-16 ***
## TCY 1 1.6 1.59 19.631 9.74e-06 ***
## TTX 1 0.4 0.36 4.456 0.034860 *
## TTY 1 10.4 10.36 128.214 < 2e-16 ***
## TBX 1 0.5 0.48 5.977 0.014550 *
## TBY 1 0.1 0.08 0.957 0.328062
## hyoidX 1 0.0 0.04 0.488 0.484772
## hyoidY 1 1.4 1.39 17.216 3.43e-05 ***
## replication 1 0.1 0.12 1.527 0.216650
## generation 1 7.3 7.28 90.101 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN:vowel 4 145.6 36.41 450.606 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowel 4 306.6 76.65 948.558 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel:JA 4 2.0 0.50 6.206 5.70e-05 ***
## vowel:LP 4 0.1 0.02 0.222 0.926166
## vowel:LD 4 1.2 0.29 3.650 0.005688 **
## vowel:TCX 4 2.9 0.73 9.087 2.71e-07 ***
## vowel:TCY 4 0.8 0.21 2.594 0.034774 *
## vowel:TTX 4 0.7 0.17 2.117 0.076135 .
## vowel:TTY 4 7.5 1.86 23.051 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel:TBX 4 0.2 0.06 0.722 0.576634
## vowel:TBY 4 0.4 0.10 1.261 0.282992
## vowel:hyoidX 4 0.2 0.06 0.766 0.547311
## vowel:hyoidY 4 2.4 0.60 7.469 5.55e-06 ***
## LEN:JA 1 7.1 7.05 87.293 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN:LP 1 1.1 1.07 13.228 0.000281 ***
## LEN:LD 1 1.7 1.71 21.196 4.32e-06 ***
## LEN:TCX 1 0.8 0.75 9.317 0.002290 **
## LEN:TCY 1 1.3 1.29 16.008 6.46e-05 ***
## LEN:TTX 1 0.0 0.03 0.364 0.546261
## LEN:TTY 1 3.3 3.34 41.374 1.46e-10 ***
## LEN:TBX 1 0.9 0.95 11.732 0.000623 ***
## LEN:TBY 1 0.1 0.08 1.012 0.314616
## LEN:hyoidX 1 0.9 0.93 11.520 0.000698 ***
## LEN:hyoidY 1 1.7 1.67 20.668 5.68e-06 ***
## Residuals 2917 235.7 0.08
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = f5e.m0)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa 0.017963483 -0.026833057 0.06276002 0.8094568
## ae-schwa 0.023620836 -0.021175704 0.06841738 0.6022372
## i-schwa 0.050998397 0.006201857 0.09579494 0.0163306
## u-schwa 0.892911019 0.848114480 0.93770756 0.0000000
## ae-a 0.005657353 -0.039139187 0.05045389 0.9969712
## i-a 0.033034914 -0.011761626 0.07783145 0.2599542
## u-a 0.874947537 0.830150997 0.91974408 0.0000000
## i-ae 0.027377561 -0.017418978 0.07217410 0.4539795
## u-ae 0.869290184 0.824493644 0.91408672 0.0000000
## u-i 0.841912622 0.797116083 0.88670916 0.0000000##
## Call:
## lm(formula = F5.error ~ LEN + I(LEN^2) + vowel + JA + LP + LD +
## TCX + TCY + TTX + TTY + TBX + TBY + hyoidX + hyoidY + (LEN:vowel) +
## (I(LEN^2):vowel) + (JA:vowel) + (LP:vowel) + (LD:vowel) +
## (TCX:vowel) + (TCY:vowel) + (TTX:vowel) + (TTY:vowel) + (TBX:vowel) +
## (TBY:vowel) + (hyoidX:vowel) + (hyoidY:vowel) + (JA:LEN) +
## (LP:LEN) + (LD:LEN) + (TCX:LEN) + (TCY:LEN) + (TTX:LEN) +
## (TTY:LEN) + (TBX:LEN) + (TBY:LEN) + (hyoidX:LEN) + (hyoidY:LEN) +
## replication + generation, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -2.61749 -0.06507 -0.00064 0.06227 2.43263
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 8.109e+00 1.337e+00 6.066 1.48e-09 ***
## LEN 1.437e+00 3.599e-01 3.993 6.69e-05 ***
## I(LEN^2) 5.897e-02 2.788e-02 2.115 0.034516 *
## vowela 5.965e+00 1.817e+00 3.282 0.001041 **
## vowelae 2.101e+00 1.871e+00 1.123 0.261544
## voweli -2.602e+00 1.823e+00 -1.427 0.153642
## vowelu 6.391e+01 1.610e+00 39.696 < 2e-16 ***
## JA 1.993e-01 3.202e-02 6.224 5.52e-10 ***
## LP -5.411e-01 1.095e-01 -4.943 8.12e-07 ***
## LD 2.912e-01 5.578e-02 5.220 1.91e-07 ***
## TCX 3.943e-01 1.227e-01 3.214 0.001325 **
## TCY -6.932e-01 1.817e-01 -3.815 0.000139 ***
## TTX -1.040e-01 7.260e-02 -1.432 0.152269
## TTY -5.124e-01 7.242e-02 -7.075 1.86e-12 ***
## TBX -1.463e-01 5.144e-02 -2.843 0.004498 **
## TBY 4.217e-02 8.464e-02 0.498 0.618388
## hyoidX -7.123e-01 1.519e-01 -4.690 2.86e-06 ***
## hyoidY 1.247e+00 2.731e-01 4.565 5.21e-06 ***
## replication -1.905e-04 1.813e-04 -1.051 0.293418
## generation -2.758e-04 6.265e-05 -4.401 1.11e-05 ***
## LEN:vowela 1.441e+00 4.458e-01 3.232 0.001244 **
## LEN:vowelae 6.877e-01 4.609e-01 1.492 0.135785
## LEN:voweli -8.896e-01 4.717e-01 -1.886 0.059433 .
## LEN:vowelu 1.516e+01 4.070e-01 37.242 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowela 8.646e-02 2.789e-02 3.100 0.001954 **
## I(LEN^2):vowelae 4.316e-02 2.919e-02 1.479 0.139326
## I(LEN^2):voweli -5.943e-02 3.042e-02 -1.954 0.050811 .
## I(LEN^2):vowelu 9.164e-01 2.661e-02 34.441 < 2e-16 ***
## vowela:JA 1.485e-02 1.543e-02 0.962 0.336129
## vowelae:JA 9.012e-03 2.134e-02 0.422 0.672852
## voweli:JA 2.645e-02 1.276e-02 2.073 0.038306 *
## vowelu:JA 4.964e-02 1.048e-02 4.737 2.28e-06 ***
## vowela:LP 4.850e-02 4.603e-02 1.054 0.292107
## vowelae:LP 3.053e-02 5.373e-02 0.568 0.569965
## voweli:LP -3.838e-02 3.988e-02 -0.962 0.335889
## vowelu:LP -5.438e-02 3.897e-02 -1.395 0.162977
## vowela:LD -2.479e-02 2.220e-02 -1.117 0.264271
## vowelae:LD -9.278e-03 2.409e-02 -0.385 0.700108
## voweli:LD 2.323e-02 1.837e-02 1.264 0.206181
## vowelu:LD 8.844e-02 2.162e-02 4.091 4.42e-05 ***
## vowela:TCX -3.298e-01 1.564e-01 -2.108 0.035124 *
## vowelae:TCX 3.404e-02 8.319e-02 0.409 0.682457
## voweli:TCX -8.329e-02 5.639e-02 -1.477 0.139758
## vowelu:TCX 4.263e-01 7.459e-02 5.715 1.21e-08 ***
## vowela:TCY -2.896e-01 1.016e-01 -2.852 0.004379 **
## vowelae:TCY 1.870e-02 6.968e-02 0.268 0.788437
## voweli:TCY -2.145e-03 6.316e-02 -0.034 0.972906
## vowelu:TCY -2.155e-01 5.580e-02 -3.862 0.000115 ***
## vowela:TTX -2.609e-02 2.658e-02 -0.982 0.326343
## vowelae:TTX -5.453e-03 2.568e-02 -0.212 0.831857
## voweli:TTX -4.162e-03 2.212e-02 -0.188 0.850756
## vowelu:TTX -5.131e-02 2.475e-02 -2.073 0.038221 *
## vowela:TTY -4.584e-02 2.806e-02 -1.634 0.102434
## vowelae:TTY 2.793e-02 3.936e-02 0.710 0.477925
## voweli:TTY 4.043e-02 2.410e-02 1.677 0.093554 .
## vowelu:TTY -1.329e-01 2.115e-02 -6.283 3.81e-10 ***
## vowela:TBX -1.901e-02 1.538e-02 -1.236 0.216599
## vowelae:TBX 9.129e-03 2.496e-02 0.366 0.714644
## voweli:TBX 1.609e-02 2.431e-02 0.662 0.508176
## vowelu:TBX -4.008e-02 1.758e-02 -2.280 0.022674 *
## vowela:TBY -1.432e-02 2.665e-02 -0.537 0.591011
## vowelae:TBY 4.714e-03 4.631e-02 0.102 0.918931
## voweli:TBY -1.087e-02 4.469e-02 -0.243 0.807771
## vowelu:TBY -3.968e-02 2.682e-02 -1.480 0.139087
## vowela:hyoidX -5.740e-02 6.276e-02 -0.915 0.360517
## vowelae:hyoidX 2.122e-02 6.003e-02 0.354 0.723737
## voweli:hyoidX 1.703e-01 5.587e-02 3.048 0.002327 **
## vowelu:hyoidX -4.285e-02 4.608e-02 -0.930 0.352500
## vowela:hyoidY 1.877e-01 9.915e-02 1.893 0.058456 .
## vowelae:hyoidY -1.307e-01 9.890e-02 -1.321 0.186509
## voweli:hyoidY 1.118e-01 9.079e-02 1.232 0.218120
## vowelu:hyoidY 2.544e-01 8.057e-02 3.158 0.001606 **
## LEN:JA 2.870e-02 4.042e-03 7.100 1.56e-12 ***
## LEN:LP -6.737e-02 1.395e-02 -4.828 1.45e-06 ***
## LEN:LD 3.677e-02 6.873e-03 5.350 9.49e-08 ***
## LEN:TCX 4.063e-02 1.456e-02 2.790 0.005311 **
## LEN:TCY -8.681e-02 2.231e-02 -3.891 0.000102 ***
## LEN:TTX -1.410e-02 8.605e-03 -1.639 0.101331
## LEN:TTY -6.020e-02 8.537e-03 -7.052 2.19e-12 ***
## LEN:TBX -1.912e-02 6.063e-03 -3.153 0.001634 **
## LEN:TBY 5.331e-03 9.851e-03 0.541 0.588414
## LEN:hyoidX -8.023e-02 1.847e-02 -4.344 1.45e-05 ***
## LEN:hyoidY 1.403e-01 3.085e-02 4.546 5.68e-06 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.2843 on 2917 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.8346, Adjusted R-squared: 0.8299
## F-statistic: 179.4 on 82 and 2917 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16| DVs, interactions & R2 | F1 | F1.err | F2 | F2.err | F3 | F3.err | F4 | F4.err | F5 | F5.err |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LEN | -0.48 (1.3e-05***) | 0.13 (0.28) | 0.13 (0.4) | 1.2 (3.2e-11***) | -3.1 (3.8e-22***) | 3.4 (1.5e-17***) | 0.89 (0.00026***) | 1.7 (2.3e-08***) | 2.4 (8.7e-26***) | 1.4 (6.7e-05***) |
| LEN^2 | -0.036 (2e-05***) | -0.0013 (0.89) | 0.0087 (0.46) | 0.1 (2.1e-12***) | -0.2 (2.9e-16***) | 0.19 (6.3e-10***) | 0.059 (0.0016**) | 0.082 (0.0006***) | 0.18 (2.8e-24***) | 0.059 (0.035*) |
| vowel | . (0***) | . (6.9e-114***) | . (0***) | . (0***) | . (0***) | . (1.2e-142***) | . (0***) | . (1.3e-79***) | . (0***) | . (0***) |
| JA | -0.0096 (0.33) | 0.016 (0.14) | 0.018 (0.18) | 0.068 (4.7e-05***) | 0.13 (2.7e-06***) | -0.22 (2.5e-10***) | 0.081 (0.00019***) | 0.062 (0.024*) | 0.086 (2.1e-05***) | 0.2 (5.5e-10***) |
| LP | -0.11 (0.00099***) | -0.28 (1.7e-13***) | -0.27 (2.8e-09***) | -0.25 (1.4e-05***) | -0.65 (1.4e-11***) | 0.58 (1.5e-06***) | -0.55 (7.5e-14***) | -0.78 (1.2e-16***) | -0.28 (4.5e-05***) | -0.54 (8.1e-07***) |
| LD | 0.057 (0.00091***) | 0.056 (0.0029**) | 0.047 (0.045*) | 0.1 (0.00033***) | 0.24 (8.2e-07***) | -0.24 (0.00011***) | 0.19 (4.3e-07***) | 0.33 (6.8e-12***) | 0.15 (2e-05***) | 0.29 (1.9e-07***) |
| TCX | -0.15 (5.5e-05***) | -0.033 (0.42) | 0.4 (2.2e-14***) | -0.54 (4.1e-17***) | 0.51 (1.9e-06***) | -0.89 (3.8e-11***) | 0.13 (0.12) | -0.23 (0.031*) | 0.31 (6.9e-05***) | 0.39 (0.0013**) |
| TCY | 0.36 (6.2e-11***) | -0.0069 (0.91) | -0.22 (0.0038**) | -1.4 (9.4e-46***) | 0.48 (0.0026**) | -0.8 (5.8e-05***) | -1.5 (1.5e-34***) | -0.37 (0.017*) | -0.34 (0.0028**) | -0.69 (0.00014***) |
| TTX | 0.051 (0.021*) | 0.09 (0.00027***) | 0.17 (2.9e-08***) | -0.063 (0.094) | 0.23 (0.00031***) | -0.49 (7.3e-10***) | -0.17 (0.00073***) | -0.25 (6.9e-05***) | 0.13 (0.0041**) | -0.1 (0.15) |
| TTY | -0.025 (0.26) | -0.13 (3.6e-07***) | 0.0049 (0.87) | -0.12 (0.0013**) | -0.94 (5.2e-48***) | 0.71 (4.2e-19***) | -1.3 (3.6e-137***) | -1.3 (1.7e-87***) | -0.23 (2.8e-07***) | -0.51 (1.9e-12***) |
| TBX | -0.054 (0.0006***) | -0.012 (0.48) | -0.0097 (0.65) | 0.066 (0.014*) | -0.15 (0.00084***) | 0.21 (0.00022***) | -0.2 (1.4e-08***) | -0.11 (0.017*) | -0.095 (0.0035**) | -0.15 (0.0045**) |
| TBY | -0.036 (0.17) | 0.092 (0.0014**) | -0.042 (0.24) | -0.02 (0.65) | -0.42 (1.1e-08***) | 0.14 (0.14) | 0.11 (0.061) | -0.27 (0.00025***) | -0.063 (0.24) | 0.042 (0.62) |
| hyoidX | -0.11 (0.022*) | -0.077 (0.13) | -0.12 (0.052) | 0.26 (0.00084***) | 0.063 (0.63) | 0.27 (0.1) | 0.16 (0.12) | -0.44 (0.00071***) | -0.16 (0.086) | -0.71 (2.9e-06***) |
| hyoidY | 0.088 (0.29) | 0.43 (4.7e-06***) | 0.28 (0.016*) | -0.14 (0.31) | 0.093 (0.7) | 0.59 (0.05) | 0.3 (0.11) | 1.2 (2.1e-07***) | -0.69 (6.8e-05***) | 1.2 (5.2e-06***) |
| replication | 2.6e-05 (0.64) | 6.1e-05 (0.32) | 0.00011 (0.17) | -0.00015 (0.12) | 3.1e-05 (0.84) | -1.5e-05 (0.94) | -6.6e-05 (0.59) | -0.00013 (0.39) | -6.4e-05 (0.58) | -0.00019 (0.29) |
| generation | -0.00014 (1.6e-13***) | -0.00015 (1.6e-12***) | -6.4e-05 (0.016*) | -0.0002 (9.3e-10***) | -4.1e-05 (0.45) | -9.5e-05 (0.17) | 1.8e-05 (0.67) | -0.00028 (1.4e-07***) | -0.00016 (3.7e-05***) | -0.00028 (1.1e-05***) |
| LEN:vowel | . (4.4e-141***) | . (4.5e-162***) | . (0***) | . (0***) | . (1.1e-53***) | . (1.4e-181***) | . (4.3e-61***) | . (5.6e-35***) | . (6.4e-138***) | . (9.8e-303***) |
| LEN^2:vowel | . (1.3e-160***) | . (2.1e-32***) | . (6.1e-311***) | . (0***) | . (8.4e-85***) | . (1.1e-62***) | . (2e-96***) | . (1.8e-36***) | . (0***) | . (0***) |
| vowel:JA | . (3.5e-44***) | . (5.6e-18***) | . (3.8e-18***) | . (2.5e-07***) | . (1.3e-09***) | . (8.9e-09***) | . (2.9e-13***) | . (8.2e-07***) | . (4.7e-06***) | . (5.7e-05***) |
| vowel:LP | . (5.4e-54***) | . (1.1e-25***) | . (1.8e-05***) | . (0.029*) | . (0.004**) | . (2.7e-09***) | . (2.1e-14***) | . (4.8e-09***) | . (1.7e-06***) | . (0.93) |
| vowel:LD | . (4.4e-22***) | . (5.6e-08***) | . (6.2e-14***) | . (0.042*) | . (0.00013***) | . (6.8e-07***) | . (3e-05***) | . (0.1) | . (2.6e-10***) | . (0.0057**) |
| vowel:TCX | . (2.2e-74***) | . (1e-106***) | . (5.9e-42***) | . (1.7e-38***) | . (7.5e-06***) | . (5.1e-11***) | . (3.5e-67***) | . (6.5e-31***) | . (3.6e-31***) | . (2.7e-07***) |
| vowel:TCY | . (5.5e-18***) | . (1e-08***) | . (1.5e-46***) | . (2.5e-40***) | . (1.2e-59***) | . (2.3e-23***) | . (6.1e-47***) | . (1.9e-06***) | . (2.3e-09***) | . (0.035*) |
| vowel:TTX | . (2.1e-36***) | . (6.5e-18***) | . (0.069) | . (0.1) | . (0.27) | . (0.063) | . (0.001**) | . (0.42) | . (0.00024***) | . (0.076) |
| vowel:TTY | . (1.2e-06***) | . (0.0042**) | . (3e-13***) | . (0.5) | . (1.4e-05***) | . (6.4e-30***) | . (5.7e-12***) | . (1.3e-23***) | . (2.4e-45***) | . (8.9e-19***) |
| vowel:TBX | . (3.7e-48***) | . (0.0016**) | . (4.1e-06***) | . (0.056) | . (0.048*) | . (0.0044**) | . (0.43) | . (0.082) | . (0.24) | . (0.58) |
| vowel:TBY | . (6.4e-55***) | . (1.5e-07***) | . (0.025*) | . (7.7e-05***) | . (3.9e-05***) | . (0.00033***) | . (0.033*) | . (2.6e-05***) | . (2e-06***) | . (0.28) |
| vowel:hyoidX | . (3.4e-26***) | . (0.016*) | . (1.7e-09***) | . (1.4e-12***) | . (0.00069***) | . (0.01**) | . (2.2e-43***) | . (2.6e-10***) | . (0.27) | . (0.55) |
| vowel:hyoidY | . (3.7e-29***) | . (1.2e-21***) | . (8.3e-11***) | . (5e-13***) | . (1.3e-54***) | . (4.3e-38***) | . (8.8e-40***) | . (0.48) | . (1.7e-06***) | . (5.5e-06***) |
| LEN:JA | -0.00074 (0.55) | 0.0028 (0.045*) | 0.0023 (0.17) | 0.0093 (1e-05***) | 0.019 (1.2e-07***) | -0.031 (2.3e-12***) | 0.01 (0.00013***) | 0.0092 (0.0079**) | 0.013 (1.5e-07***) | 0.029 (1.6e-12***) |
| LEN:LP | -0.015 (0.00053***) | -0.036 (4.6e-14***) | -0.037 (3.1e-10***) | -0.034 (3e-06***) | -0.08 (5.9e-11***) | 0.071 (3e-06***) | -0.074 (4e-15***) | -0.1 (7.4e-17***) | -0.031 (0.00036***) | -0.067 (1.5e-06***) |
| LEN:LD | 0.0067 (0.0015**) | 0.0069 (0.0033**) | 0.0065 (0.025*) | 0.014 (9.7e-05***) | 0.028 (2.6e-06***) | -0.028 (0.00015***) | 0.026 (4e-08***) | 0.041 (6e-12***) | 0.017 (7.8e-05***) | 0.037 (9.5e-08***) |
| LEN:TCX | -0.017 (0.00013***) | -0.0051 (0.3) | 0.044 (8.6e-13***) | -0.08 (2.1e-25***) | 0.1 (4.1e-15***) | -0.15 (4.9e-20***) | 0.0039 (0.69) | -0.03 (0.017*) | 0.03 (0.00094***) | 0.041 (0.0053**) |
| LEN:TCY | 0.046 (2e-11***) | -0.001 (0.9) | -0.026 (0.0049**) | -0.18 (1.2e-49***) | 0.061 (0.0018**) | -0.11 (8.6e-06***) | -0.19 (5.1e-36***) | -0.052 (0.0068**) | -0.043 (0.002**) | -0.087 (0.0001***) |
| LEN:TTX | 0.0068 (0.0098**) | 0.011 (0.00018***) | 0.022 (2.8e-09***) | -0.0074 (0.1) | 0.024 (0.0015**) | -0.058 (7.1e-10***) | -0.014 (0.017*) | -0.033 (8.1e-06***) | 0.016 (0.0037**) | -0.014 (0.1) |
| LEN:TTY | -0.0024 (0.35) | -0.014 (1.3e-06***) | -0.00046 (0.9) | -0.017 (0.00015***) | -0.11 (2.2e-51***) | 0.086 (5.2e-20***) | -0.15 (4.2e-142***) | -0.15 (7.9e-89***) | -0.025 (2.8e-06***) | -0.06 (2.2e-12***) |
| LEN:TBX | -0.0068 (0.00025***) | -0.0023 (0.27) | -0.0018 (0.49) | 0.0067 (0.034*) | -0.022 (4.6e-05***) | 0.03 (8.6e-06***) | -0.03 (1.8e-13***) | -0.012 (0.019*) | -0.011 (0.0032**) | -0.019 (0.0016**) |
| LEN:TBY | -0.0031 (0.3) | 0.011 (0.001**) | -0.0071 (0.087) | -0.0063 (0.22) | -0.054 (2.5e-10***) | 0.019 (0.083) | 0.0049 (0.46) | -0.034 (4.6e-05***) | -0.0043 (0.48) | 0.0053 (0.59) |
| LEN:hyoidX | -0.011 (0.051) | -0.0073 (0.25) | -0.013 (0.096) | 0.037 (0.00013***) | 0.015 (0.35) | 0.023 (0.26) | 0.023 (0.07) | -0.051 (0.0013**) | -0.017 (0.14) | -0.08 (1.4e-05***) |
| LEN:hyoidY | 0.011 (0.26) | 0.049 (3.3e-06***) | 0.03 (0.021*) | -0.0098 (0.54) | -0.028 (0.3) | 0.13 (0.00017***) | 0.051 (0.015*) | 0.14 (2.1e-07***) | -0.091 (2.8e-06***) | 0.14 (5.7e-06***) |
| adjusted R2 | 99.7% | 56.1% | 99.8% | 79.9% | 82.1% | 75.9% | 77.4% | 46.5% | 80.6% | 83.0% |
Overall acoustic error over F1 – F5 on LEN
## Analysis of Variance Table
##
## Response: acoustic.err
## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## LEN 1 86.28 86.28 3501.8440 < 2.2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2) 1 360.11 360.11 14616.6775 < 2.2e-16 ***
## vowel 4 255.48 63.87 2592.3885 < 2.2e-16 ***
## JA 1 3.16 3.16 128.3440 < 2.2e-16 ***
## LP 1 6.38 6.38 258.9087 < 2.2e-16 ***
## LD 1 1.11 1.11 45.2422 2.087e-11 ***
## TCX 1 24.86 24.86 1008.8877 < 2.2e-16 ***
## TCY 1 2.37 2.37 96.3430 < 2.2e-16 ***
## TTX 1 0.27 0.27 10.8473 0.0010012 **
## TTY 1 26.84 26.84 1089.2217 < 2.2e-16 ***
## TBX 1 8.27 8.27 335.7895 < 2.2e-16 ***
## TBY 1 1.74 1.74 70.5182 < 2.2e-16 ***
## hyoidX 1 0.31 0.31 12.6493 0.0003817 ***
## hyoidY 1 0.04 0.04 1.5303 0.2161611
## replication 1 0.01 0.01 0.3646 0.5460084
## generation 1 12.08 12.08 490.3345 < 2.2e-16 ***
## LEN:vowel 4 43.53 10.88 441.7516 < 2.2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowel 4 31.06 7.76 315.1445 < 2.2e-16 ***
## vowel:JA 4 5.38 1.35 54.6385 < 2.2e-16 ***
## vowel:LP 4 2.92 0.73 29.6634 < 2.2e-16 ***
## vowel:LD 4 2.33 0.58 23.6435 < 2.2e-16 ***
## vowel:TCX 4 4.20 1.05 42.6061 < 2.2e-16 ***
## vowel:TCY 4 2.94 0.73 29.8282 < 2.2e-16 ***
## vowel:TTX 4 0.21 0.05 2.1590 0.0711484 .
## vowel:TTY 4 10.73 2.68 108.8559 < 2.2e-16 ***
## vowel:TBX 4 1.47 0.37 14.9219 4.472e-12 ***
## vowel:TBY 4 3.37 0.84 34.1585 < 2.2e-16 ***
## vowel:hyoidX 4 6.90 1.73 70.0492 < 2.2e-16 ***
## vowel:hyoidY 4 10.39 2.60 105.3832 < 2.2e-16 ***
## LEN:JA 1 0.96 0.96 39.1642 4.468e-10 ***
## LEN:LP 1 0.83 0.83 33.7004 7.121e-09 ***
## LEN:LD 1 1.86 1.86 75.3329 < 2.2e-16 ***
## LEN:TCX 1 4.37 4.37 177.4931 < 2.2e-16 ***
## LEN:TCY 1 3.55 3.55 144.1932 < 2.2e-16 ***
## LEN:TTX 1 0.37 0.37 14.9498 0.0001128 ***
## LEN:TTY 1 1.39 1.39 56.4490 7.624e-14 ***
## LEN:TBX 1 0.03 0.03 1.1627 0.2809907
## LEN:TBY 1 0.02 0.02 0.8232 0.3643292
## LEN:hyoidX 1 0.03 0.03 1.0627 0.3026959
## LEN:hyoidY 1 0.20 0.20 7.9772 0.0047693 **
## Residuals 2917 71.87 0.02
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = err.m0)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa 0.31471076 0.289975562 0.33944597 0.0000000
## ae-schwa 0.17299662 0.148261421 0.19773183 0.0000000
## i-schwa 0.34905558 0.324320380 0.37379079 0.0000000
## u-schwa 0.87065452 0.845919314 0.89538972 0.0000000
## ae-a -0.14171414 -0.166449343 -0.11697894 0.0000000
## i-a 0.03434482 0.009609616 0.05908002 0.0014455
## u-a 0.55594375 0.531208550 0.58067896 0.0000000
## i-ae 0.17605896 0.151323757 0.20079416 0.0000000
## u-ae 0.69765789 0.672922691 0.72239310 0.0000000
## u-i 0.52159893 0.496863732 0.54633414 0.0000000##
## Call:
## lm(formula = acoustic.err ~ LEN + I(LEN^2) + vowel + JA + LP +
## LD + TCX + TCY + TTX + TTY + TBX + TBY + hyoidX + hyoidY +
## (LEN:vowel) + (I(LEN^2):vowel) + (JA:vowel) + (LP:vowel) +
## (LD:vowel) + (TCX:vowel) + (TCY:vowel) + (TTX:vowel) + (TTY:vowel) +
## (TBX:vowel) + (TBY:vowel) + (hyoidX:vowel) + (hyoidY:vowel) +
## (JA:LEN) + (LP:LEN) + (LD:LEN) + (TCX:LEN) + (TCY:LEN) +
## (TTX:LEN) + (TTY:LEN) + (TBX:LEN) + (TBY:LEN) + (hyoidX:LEN) +
## (hyoidY:LEN) + replication + generation, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.87009 -0.09479 -0.00760 0.08748 0.92780
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 2.285e+01 7.381e-01 30.960 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN 6.199e+00 1.987e-01 31.199 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2) 3.981e-01 1.540e-02 25.855 < 2e-16 ***
## vowela 9.983e-01 1.003e+00 0.995 0.319861
## vowelae -5.683e+00 1.033e+00 -5.502 4.08e-08 ***
## voweli 7.802e+00 1.007e+00 7.751 1.25e-14 ***
## vowelu 2.278e+01 8.890e-01 25.625 < 2e-16 ***
## JA 2.800e-02 1.768e-02 1.584 0.113335
## LP -3.971e-01 6.045e-02 -6.569 5.96e-11 ***
## LD 2.047e-01 3.080e-02 6.648 3.53e-11 ***
## TCX -3.770e-01 6.775e-02 -5.566 2.85e-08 ***
## TCY -1.204e+00 1.003e-01 -11.998 < 2e-16 ***
## TTX -2.168e-01 4.009e-02 -5.408 6.90e-08 ***
## TTY -3.465e-01 3.999e-02 -8.664 < 2e-16 ***
## TBX -1.003e-02 2.841e-02 -0.353 0.723926
## TBY 1.569e-02 4.674e-02 0.336 0.737063
## hyoidX -1.136e-01 8.387e-02 -1.354 0.175847
## hyoidY 2.732e-02 1.508e-01 0.181 0.856243
## replication -1.560e-04 1.001e-04 -1.558 0.119239
## generation -4.187e-04 3.459e-05 -12.102 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN:vowela 3.177e-01 2.462e-01 1.290 0.196987
## LEN:vowelae -1.531e+00 2.545e-01 -6.017 1.99e-09 ***
## LEN:voweli 1.726e+00 2.605e-01 6.625 4.12e-11 ***
## LEN:vowelu 4.843e+00 2.247e-01 21.550 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowela 4.377e-02 1.540e-02 2.843 0.004507 **
## I(LEN^2):vowelae -9.150e-02 1.612e-02 -5.677 1.50e-08 ***
## I(LEN^2):voweli 9.140e-02 1.680e-02 5.442 5.71e-08 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowelu 2.922e-01 1.469e-02 19.887 < 2e-16 ***
## vowela:JA 1.505e-02 8.522e-03 1.766 0.077476 .
## vowelae:JA -2.593e-02 1.178e-02 -2.200 0.027875 *
## voweli:JA 8.182e-03 7.047e-03 1.161 0.245697
## vowelu:JA 2.856e-02 5.787e-03 4.936 8.42e-07 ***
## vowela:LP 2.576e-02 2.542e-02 1.013 0.310971
## vowelae:LP 1.045e-02 2.967e-02 0.352 0.724709
## voweli:LP -1.211e-01 2.202e-02 -5.500 4.12e-08 ***
## vowelu:LP -2.146e-01 2.152e-02 -9.973 < 2e-16 ***
## vowela:LD 3.623e-03 1.226e-02 0.296 0.767604
## vowelae:LD 1.993e-02 1.330e-02 1.499 0.134026
## voweli:LD 4.782e-02 1.014e-02 4.714 2.54e-06 ***
## vowelu:LD 9.480e-02 1.194e-02 7.941 2.83e-15 ***
## vowela:TCX 5.729e-01 8.638e-02 6.632 3.92e-11 ***
## vowelae:TCX -2.145e-01 4.593e-02 -4.669 3.16e-06 ***
## voweli:TCX -3.527e-01 3.113e-02 -11.328 < 2e-16 ***
## vowelu:TCX -8.068e-02 4.119e-02 -1.959 0.050201 .
## vowela:TCY 5.048e-01 5.608e-02 9.000 < 2e-16 ***
## vowelae:TCY -1.128e-01 3.848e-02 -2.931 0.003408 **
## voweli:TCY 1.116e-01 3.488e-02 3.199 0.001392 **
## vowelu:TCY -2.271e-01 3.081e-02 -7.370 2.22e-13 ***
## vowela:TTX -2.158e-02 1.468e-02 -1.471 0.141514
## vowelae:TTX 1.142e-02 1.418e-02 0.805 0.420838
## voweli:TTX 2.715e-02 1.221e-02 2.223 0.026299 *
## vowelu:TTX 4.350e-02 1.366e-02 3.183 0.001471 **
## vowela:TTY 7.552e-02 1.549e-02 4.874 1.15e-06 ***
## vowelae:TTY 1.587e-01 2.173e-02 7.301 3.66e-13 ***
## voweli:TTY 4.946e-02 1.331e-02 3.717 0.000206 ***
## vowelu:TTY -1.387e-01 1.168e-02 -11.875 < 2e-16 ***
## vowela:TBX 3.475e-02 8.492e-03 4.092 4.38e-05 ***
## vowelae:TBX 3.043e-02 1.378e-02 2.207 0.027374 *
## voweli:TBX 5.282e-02 1.342e-02 3.935 8.52e-05 ***
## vowelu:TBX -1.113e-02 9.707e-03 -1.147 0.251554
## vowela:TBY 1.301e-01 1.472e-02 8.838 < 2e-16 ***
## vowelae:TBY 1.419e-03 2.557e-02 0.056 0.955736
## voweli:TBY 1.313e-01 2.468e-02 5.321 1.11e-07 ***
## vowelu:TBY -1.924e-02 1.481e-02 -1.299 0.194029
## vowela:hyoidX 4.893e-01 3.466e-02 14.118 < 2e-16 ***
## vowelae:hyoidX -4.144e-02 3.315e-02 -1.250 0.211331
## voweli:hyoidX -2.874e-01 3.085e-02 -9.316 < 2e-16 ***
## vowelu:hyoidX -1.184e-01 2.544e-02 -4.655 3.39e-06 ***
## vowela:hyoidY -3.536e-01 5.475e-02 -6.458 1.23e-10 ***
## vowelae:hyoidY 2.783e-01 5.461e-02 5.096 3.69e-07 ***
## voweli:hyoidY 8.149e-02 5.013e-02 1.626 0.104153
## vowelu:hyoidY 5.671e-01 4.449e-02 12.746 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN:JA 4.126e-03 2.232e-03 1.849 0.064571 .
## LEN:LP -5.107e-02 7.705e-03 -6.628 4.03e-11 ***
## LEN:LD 2.675e-02 3.795e-03 7.047 2.27e-12 ***
## LEN:TCX -1.012e-01 8.042e-03 -12.579 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN:TCY -1.554e-01 1.232e-02 -12.615 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN:TTX -2.555e-02 4.752e-03 -5.378 8.13e-08 ***
## LEN:TTY -3.607e-02 4.714e-03 -7.652 2.66e-14 ***
## LEN:TBX 3.617e-03 3.348e-03 1.080 0.280058
## LEN:TBY 3.736e-03 5.439e-03 0.687 0.492190
## LEN:hyoidX -1.682e-02 1.020e-02 -1.650 0.099141 .
## LEN:hyoidY 4.811e-02 1.704e-02 2.824 0.004769 **
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.157 on 2917 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.9281, Adjusted R-squared: 0.9261
## F-statistic: 459.5 on 82 and 2917 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16| DVs, interactions & R2 | F1-F5.err |
|---|---|
| LEN | 6.2 (1.2e-184***) |
| LEN^2 | 0.4 (6.9e-133***) |
| vowel | . (0***) |
| JA | 0.028 (0.11) |
| LP | -0.4 (6e-11***) |
| LD | 0.2 (3.5e-11***) |
| TCX | -0.38 (2.9e-08***) |
| TCY | -1.2 (2.1e-32***) |
| TTX | -0.22 (6.9e-08***) |
| TTY | -0.35 (7.4e-18***) |
| TBX | -0.01 (0.72) |
| TBY | 0.016 (0.74) |
| hyoidX | -0.11 (0.18) |
| hyoidY | 0.027 (0.86) |
| replication | -0.00016 (0.12) |
| generation | -0.00042 (6.2e-33***) |
| LEN:vowel | . (5.7e-298***) |
| LEN^2:vowel | . (1.4e-225***) |
| vowel:JA | . (1.8e-44***) |
| vowel:LP | . (3.2e-24***) |
| vowel:LD | . (2.9e-19***) |
| vowel:TCX | . (8.8e-35***) |
| vowel:TCY | . (2.4e-24***) |
| vowel:TTX | . (0.071) |
| vowel:TTY | . (1.4e-86***) |
| vowel:TBX | . (4.5e-12***) |
| vowel:TBY | . (6.7e-28***) |
| vowel:hyoidX | . (1e-56***) |
| vowel:hyoidY | . (5.9e-84***) |
| LEN:JA | 0.0041 (0.065) |
| LEN:LP | -0.051 (4e-11***) |
| LEN:LD | 0.027 (2.3e-12***) |
| LEN:TCX | -0.1 (2.2e-35***) |
| LEN:TCY | -0.16 (1.5e-35***) |
| LEN:TTX | -0.026 (8.1e-08***) |
| LEN:TTY | -0.036 (2.7e-14***) |
| LEN:TBX | 0.0036 (0.28) |
| LEN:TBY | 0.0037 (0.49) |
| LEN:hyoidX | -0.017 (0.099) |
| LEN:hyoidY | 0.048 (0.0048**) |
| adjusted R2 | 92.6% |
Is larynx base height compensated by other articulators?
## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## LEN 1 141 140.5 67.021 3.94e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2) 1 162 161.7 77.110 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel 4 2210 552.4 263.505 < 2e-16 ***
## replication 1 0 0.1 0.069 0.793
## generation 1 436 435.8 207.865 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN:vowel 4 288 72.0 34.339 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowel 4 118 29.5 14.093 2.14e-11 ***
## Residuals 2983 6254 2.1
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = ja.m0)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa -1.4090280 -1.6371952 -1.1808608 0.0000000
## ae-schwa -2.1483893 -2.3765565 -1.9202222 0.0000000
## i-schwa -0.6054225 -0.8335897 -0.3772553 0.0000000
## u-schwa 0.1036353 -0.1245318 0.3318025 0.7280232
## ae-a -0.7393613 -0.9675285 -0.5111942 0.0000000
## i-a 0.8036055 0.5754383 1.0317727 0.0000000
## u-a 1.5126633 1.2844962 1.7408305 0.0000000
## i-ae 1.5429668 1.3147997 1.7711340 0.0000000
## u-ae 2.2520247 2.0238575 2.4801918 0.0000000
## u-i 0.7090578 0.4808907 0.9372250 0.0000000##
## Call:
## lm(formula = JA ~ LEN + I(LEN^2) + vowel + (LEN:vowel) + (I(LEN^2):vowel) +
## replication + generation, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -3.8819 -0.8777 -0.0716 0.7301 4.5636
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -3.547e+01 4.196e+00 -8.454 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN -8.881e+00 1.067e+00 -8.326 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2) -5.996e-01 6.701e-02 -8.948 < 2e-16 ***
## vowela 1.905e+01 5.826e+00 3.270 0.001087 **
## vowelae 2.541e+01 5.823e+00 4.365 1.32e-05 ***
## voweli 3.603e+01 5.854e+00 6.155 8.53e-10 ***
## vowelu 2.833e+01 5.879e+00 4.819 1.52e-06 ***
## replication 5.228e-07 9.160e-04 0.001 0.999545
## generation -3.177e-03 2.806e-04 -11.322 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN:vowela 5.647e+00 1.484e+00 3.806 0.000144 ***
## LEN:vowelae 7.447e+00 1.482e+00 5.024 5.37e-07 ***
## LEN:voweli 9.670e+00 1.490e+00 6.489 1.01e-10 ***
## LEN:vowelu 8.153e+00 1.499e+00 5.439 5.81e-08 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowela 3.823e-01 9.321e-02 4.101 4.22e-05 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowelae 4.912e-01 9.310e-02 5.275 1.42e-07 ***
## I(LEN^2):voweli 6.259e-01 9.357e-02 6.689 2.67e-11 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowelu 5.724e-01 9.424e-02 6.074 1.41e-09 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 1.448 on 2983 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.3491, Adjusted R-squared: 0.3456
## F-statistic: 99.99 on 16 and 2983 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## LEN 1 101.8 101.83 553.781 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2) 1 0.2 0.23 1.268 0.26028
## vowel 4 341.8 85.45 464.667 < 2e-16 ***
## replication 1 0.1 0.11 0.596 0.44017
## generation 1 6.6 6.57 35.722 2.55e-09 ***
## LEN:vowel 4 48.5 12.12 65.890 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowel 4 4.3 1.07 5.798 0.00012 ***
## Residuals 2983 548.5 0.18
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = lp.m0)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa -0.1460782 -0.21365333 -0.0785030 0.0000000
## ae-schwa -0.4234580 -0.49103317 -0.3558828 0.0000000
## i-schwa 0.0568940 -0.01068117 0.1244692 0.1457086
## u-schwa 0.6062132 0.53863800 0.6737883 0.0000000
## ae-a -0.2773798 -0.34495500 -0.2098047 0.0000000
## i-a 0.2029722 0.13539700 0.2705473 0.0000000
## u-a 0.7522913 0.68471617 0.8198665 0.0000000
## i-ae 0.4803520 0.41277683 0.5479272 0.0000000
## u-ae 1.0296712 0.96209600 1.0972463 0.0000000
## u-i 0.5493192 0.48174400 0.6168943 0.0000000##
## Call:
## lm(formula = LP ~ LEN + I(LEN^2) + vowel + (LEN:vowel) + (I(LEN^2):vowel) +
## replication + generation, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -1.80042 -0.23114 0.07135 0.28776 1.39929
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -2.886e+00 1.243e+00 -2.322 0.020283 *
## LEN -1.022e+00 3.159e-01 -3.234 0.001235 **
## I(LEN^2) -8.321e-02 1.985e-02 -4.193 2.84e-05 ***
## vowela 6.155e+00 1.726e+00 3.567 0.000367 ***
## vowelae -1.605e+00 1.724e+00 -0.931 0.352148
## voweli 5.475e+00 1.734e+00 3.158 0.001606 **
## vowelu 2.247e+00 1.741e+00 1.291 0.196927
## replication -1.526e-04 2.713e-04 -0.563 0.573813
## generation 7.524e-04 8.311e-05 9.053 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN:vowela 1.715e+00 4.395e-01 3.902 9.75e-05 ***
## LEN:vowelae -4.394e-03 4.390e-01 -0.010 0.992015
## LEN:voweli 1.386e+00 4.413e-01 3.140 0.001707 **
## LEN:vowelu 7.074e-01 4.440e-01 1.593 0.111191
## I(LEN^2):vowela 1.136e-01 2.761e-02 4.116 3.96e-05 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowelae 1.815e-02 2.757e-02 0.658 0.510455
## I(LEN^2):voweli 8.721e-02 2.771e-02 3.147 0.001665 **
## I(LEN^2):vowelu 6.128e-02 2.791e-02 2.195 0.028206 *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.4288 on 2983 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.4785, Adjusted R-squared: 0.4757
## F-statistic: 171 on 16 and 2983 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## LEN 1 264.1 264.1 363.853 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2) 1 0.5 0.5 0.691 0.40591
## vowel 4 1694.6 423.7 583.655 < 2e-16 ***
## replication 1 0.6 0.6 0.876 0.34926
## generation 1 2.4 2.4 3.363 0.06679 .
## LEN:vowel 4 151.1 37.8 52.047 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowel 4 10.1 2.5 3.481 0.00763 **
## Residuals 2983 2165.3 0.7
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = ld.m0)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa 0.4251570 0.29089823 0.55941577 0.0000000
## ae-schwa 0.6533603 0.51910157 0.78761910 0.0000000
## i-schwa -0.2005110 -0.33476977 -0.06625223 0.0004508
## u-schwa -1.5014215 -1.63568027 -1.36716273 0.0000000
## ae-a 0.2282033 0.09394457 0.36246210 0.0000359
## i-a -0.6256680 -0.75992677 -0.49140923 0.0000000
## u-a -1.9265785 -2.06083727 -1.79231973 0.0000000
## i-ae -0.8538713 -0.98813010 -0.71961257 0.0000000
## u-ae -2.1547818 -2.28904060 -2.02052307 0.0000000
## u-i -1.3009105 -1.43516927 -1.16665173 0.0000000##
## Call:
## lm(formula = LD ~ LEN + I(LEN^2) + vowel + (LEN:vowel) + (I(LEN^2):vowel) +
## replication + generation, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -3.0836 -0.4728 -0.1725 0.4677 3.3785
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -0.2555466 2.4689425 -0.104 0.9176
## LEN 0.0053775 0.6276095 0.009 0.9932
## I(LEN^2) 0.0342366 0.0394307 0.868 0.3853
## vowela -4.7584456 3.4283985 -1.388 0.1653
## vowelae 7.0926713 3.4261779 2.070 0.0385 *
## voweli -7.9206179 3.4447673 -2.299 0.0216 *
## vowelu 1.3030578 3.4593881 0.377 0.7064
## replication -0.0005196 0.0005390 -0.964 0.3352
## generation -0.0002000 0.0001651 -1.211 0.2258
## LEN:vowela -1.6019110 0.8731453 -1.835 0.0667 .
## LEN:vowelae 1.0995689 0.8723007 1.261 0.2076
## LEN:voweli -1.9732284 0.8768731 -2.250 0.0245 *
## LEN:vowelu 0.2344065 0.8821025 0.266 0.7905
## I(LEN^2):vowela -0.1174050 0.0548488 -2.141 0.0324 *
## I(LEN^2):vowelae 0.0357496 0.0547833 0.653 0.5141
## I(LEN^2):voweli -0.1240167 0.0550578 -2.252 0.0244 *
## I(LEN^2):vowelu -0.0144565 0.0554559 -0.261 0.7944
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.852 on 2983 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.4951, Adjusted R-squared: 0.4924
## F-statistic: 182.8 on 16 and 2983 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## LEN 1 12 12.5 59.166 1.95e-14 ***
## I(LEN^2) 1 119 118.9 562.747 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel 4 3855 963.7 4562.890 < 2e-16 ***
## replication 1 0 0.2 0.935 0.334
## generation 1 9 8.6 40.773 1.98e-10 ***
## LEN:vowel 4 518 129.5 613.133 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowel 4 269 67.2 317.965 < 2e-16 ***
## Residuals 2983 630 0.2
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = tcx.m0)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa -0.2845775 -0.3569981 -0.2121569 0.0000000
## ae-schwa 1.3428832 1.2704626 1.4153038 0.0000000
## i-schwa 2.6760022 2.6035816 2.7484228 0.0000000
## u-schwa -0.1065850 -0.1790056 -0.0341644 0.0005777
## ae-a 1.6274607 1.5550401 1.6998813 0.0000000
## i-a 2.9605797 2.8881591 3.0330003 0.0000000
## u-a 0.1779925 0.1055719 0.2504131 0.0000000
## i-ae 1.3331190 1.2606984 1.4055396 0.0000000
## u-ae -1.4494682 -1.5218888 -1.3770476 0.0000000
## u-i -2.7825872 -2.8550078 -2.7101666 0.0000000##
## Call:
## lm(formula = TCX ~ LEN + I(LEN^2) + vowel + (LEN:vowel) + (I(LEN^2):vowel) +
## replication + generation, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -2.3943 -0.1639 -0.0300 0.1428 3.5241
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -6.755e+00 1.332e+00 -5.072 4.18e-07 ***
## LEN -1.696e+00 3.385e-01 -5.011 5.73e-07 ***
## I(LEN^2) -1.107e-01 2.127e-02 -5.207 2.05e-07 ***
## vowela 3.269e+00 1.849e+00 1.768 0.077188 .
## vowelae -6.471e+00 1.848e+00 -3.502 0.000469 ***
## voweli -4.029e+01 1.858e+00 -21.684 < 2e-16 ***
## vowelu 1.325e+01 1.866e+00 7.098 1.57e-12 ***
## replication 2.747e-04 2.907e-04 0.945 0.344766
## generation -8.412e-05 8.907e-05 -0.945 0.344979
## LEN:vowela 9.382e-01 4.710e-01 1.992 0.046459 *
## LEN:vowelae -1.260e+00 4.705e-01 -2.678 0.007446 **
## LEN:voweli -1.153e+01 4.730e-01 -24.383 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN:vowelu 3.189e+00 4.758e-01 6.703 2.43e-11 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowela 6.083e-02 2.959e-02 2.056 0.039876 *
## I(LEN^2):vowelae -3.433e-02 2.955e-02 -1.162 0.245438
## I(LEN^2):voweli -7.582e-01 2.970e-02 -25.531 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowelu 1.869e-01 2.991e-02 6.248 4.75e-10 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.4596 on 2983 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.8836, Adjusted R-squared: 0.883
## F-statistic: 1415 on 16 and 2983 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## LEN 1 260.6 260.61 2331.909 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2) 1 2.3 2.32 20.727 5.51e-06 ***
## vowel 4 747.8 186.95 1672.815 < 2e-16 ***
## replication 1 0.0 0.05 0.446 0.504
## generation 1 2.0 1.98 17.692 2.67e-05 ***
## LEN:vowel 4 140.2 35.04 313.539 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowel 4 45.3 11.33 101.364 < 2e-16 ***
## Residuals 2983 333.4 0.11
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = tcy.m0)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa -0.35678500 -0.40946602 -0.3041040 0e+00
## ae-schwa -0.25775167 -0.31043269 -0.2050706 0e+00
## i-schwa 0.99121033 0.93852931 1.0438914 0e+00
## u-schwa 0.45746000 0.40477898 0.5101410 0e+00
## ae-a 0.09903333 0.04635231 0.1517144 3e-06
## i-a 1.34799533 1.29531431 1.4006764 0e+00
## u-a 0.81424500 0.76156398 0.8669260 0e+00
## i-ae 1.24896200 1.19628098 1.3016430 0e+00
## u-ae 0.71521167 0.66253064 0.7678927 0e+00
## u-i -0.53375033 -0.58643136 -0.4810693 0e+00##
## Call:
## lm(formula = TCY ~ LEN + I(LEN^2) + vowel + (LEN:vowel) + (I(LEN^2):vowel) +
## replication + generation, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -1.61141 -0.11871 0.02248 0.18769 0.78563
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -1.019e+01 9.688e-01 -10.518 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN -2.554e+00 2.463e-01 -10.370 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2) -1.879e-01 1.547e-02 -12.143 < 2e-16 ***
## vowela 1.690e+01 1.345e+00 12.560 < 2e-16 ***
## vowelae 2.057e+01 1.344e+00 15.304 < 2e-16 ***
## voweli -2.374e+00 1.352e+00 -1.757 0.0791 .
## vowelu 8.742e+00 1.357e+00 6.440 1.39e-10 ***
## replication 1.408e-04 2.115e-04 0.666 0.5055
## generation -4.948e-06 6.479e-05 -0.076 0.9391
## LEN:vowela 4.314e+00 3.426e-01 12.592 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN:vowelae 5.431e+00 3.423e-01 15.868 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN:voweli -3.239e-01 3.441e-01 -0.941 0.3466
## LEN:vowelu 2.334e+00 3.461e-01 6.744 1.85e-11 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowela 2.653e-01 2.152e-02 12.325 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowelae 3.478e-01 2.150e-02 16.179 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):voweli 1.230e-02 2.160e-02 0.570 0.5690
## I(LEN^2):vowelu 1.599e-01 2.176e-02 7.347 2.60e-13 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.3343 on 2983 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.7823, Adjusted R-squared: 0.7812
## F-statistic: 670.1 on 16 and 2983 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## LEN 1 75.6 75.63 115.200 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2) 1 23.9 23.86 36.341 1.86e-09 ***
## vowel 4 203.4 50.85 77.449 < 2e-16 ***
## replication 1 0.1 0.11 0.161 0.68792
## generation 1 7.0 6.96 10.600 0.00114 **
## LEN:vowel 4 59.1 14.79 22.522 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowel 4 67.7 16.93 25.787 < 2e-16 ***
## Residuals 2983 1958.3 0.66
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = ttx.m0)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa -0.23025783 -0.3579402 -0.10257544 0.0000089
## ae-schwa -0.32371150 -0.4513939 -0.19602910 0.0000000
## i-schwa -0.05966783 -0.1873502 0.06801456 0.7063628
## u-schwa -0.73622350 -0.8639059 -0.60854110 0.0000000
## ae-a -0.09345367 -0.2211361 0.03422873 0.2672516
## i-a 0.17059000 0.0429076 0.29827240 0.0025052
## u-a -0.50596567 -0.6336481 -0.37828327 0.0000000
## i-ae 0.26404367 0.1363613 0.39172606 0.0000002
## u-ae -0.41251200 -0.5401944 -0.28482960 0.0000000
## u-i -0.67655567 -0.8042381 -0.54887327 0.0000000##
## Call:
## lm(formula = TTX ~ LEN + I(LEN^2) + vowel + (LEN:vowel) + (I(LEN^2):vowel) +
## replication + generation, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -2.35893 -0.56159 0.01509 0.47891 2.85085
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 1.372e+01 2.348e+00 5.842 5.71e-09 ***
## LEN 2.904e+00 5.969e-01 4.865 1.20e-06 ***
## I(LEN^2) 2.006e-01 3.750e-02 5.349 9.52e-08 ***
## vowela 7.659e+00 3.260e+00 2.349 0.01889 *
## vowelae -8.494e+00 3.258e+00 -2.607 0.00918 **
## voweli -2.042e+01 3.276e+00 -6.232 5.26e-10 ***
## vowelu -2.949e+00 3.290e+00 -0.896 0.37015
## replication -2.396e-04 5.126e-04 -0.467 0.64025
## generation -4.468e-04 1.570e-04 -2.846 0.00446 **
## LEN:vowela 2.004e+00 8.304e-01 2.413 0.01587 *
## LEN:vowelae -2.212e+00 8.296e-01 -2.667 0.00771 **
## LEN:voweli -5.595e+00 8.339e-01 -6.710 2.32e-11 ***
## LEN:vowelu -7.506e-01 8.389e-01 -0.895 0.37096
## I(LEN^2):vowela 1.254e-01 5.216e-02 2.405 0.01623 *
## I(LEN^2):vowelae -1.467e-01 5.210e-02 -2.816 0.00489 **
## I(LEN^2):voweli -3.756e-01 5.236e-02 -7.173 9.23e-13 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowelu -5.802e-02 5.274e-02 -1.100 0.27136
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.8102 on 2983 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1824, Adjusted R-squared: 0.178
## F-statistic: 41.58 on 16 and 2983 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## LEN 1 518.9 518.9 843.301 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2) 1 286.9 286.9 466.290 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel 4 193.1 48.3 78.445 < 2e-16 ***
## replication 1 0.1 0.1 0.186 0.666
## generation 1 33.0 33.0 53.622 3.11e-13 ***
## LEN:vowel 4 209.6 52.4 85.158 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowel 4 34.0 8.5 13.825 3.56e-11 ***
## Residuals 2983 1835.5 0.6
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = tty.m0)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa -0.31702217 -0.4406365 -0.19340781 0.0000000
## ae-schwa -0.34614033 -0.4697547 -0.22252598 0.0000000
## i-schwa 0.01468583 -0.1089285 0.13830019 0.9976131
## u-schwa 0.34581633 0.2222020 0.46943069 0.0000000
## ae-a -0.02911817 -0.1527325 0.09449619 0.9679710
## i-a 0.33170800 0.2080936 0.45532236 0.0000000
## u-a 0.66283850 0.5392241 0.78645286 0.0000000
## i-ae 0.36082617 0.2372118 0.48444052 0.0000000
## u-ae 0.69195667 0.5683423 0.81557102 0.0000000
## u-i 0.33113050 0.2075161 0.45474486 0.0000000##
## Call:
## lm(formula = TTY ~ LEN + I(LEN^2) + vowel + (LEN:vowel) + (I(LEN^2):vowel) +
## replication + generation, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -3.02251 -0.50607 0.07447 0.61635 1.98667
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 2.777e+01 2.273e+00 12.218 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN 6.911e+00 5.779e-01 11.961 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2) 4.054e-01 3.630e-02 11.165 < 2e-16 ***
## vowela -2.643e+00 3.157e+00 -0.837 0.40246
## vowelae 2.741e-02 3.155e+00 0.009 0.99307
## voweli -3.875e+00 3.172e+00 -1.222 0.22195
## vowelu -1.882e+01 3.185e+00 -5.909 3.82e-09 ***
## replication -1.783e-04 4.963e-04 -0.359 0.71938
## generation 4.761e-04 1.520e-04 3.131 0.00176 **
## LEN:vowela -6.478e-01 8.039e-01 -0.806 0.42044
## LEN:vowelae -1.000e-01 8.031e-01 -0.125 0.90090
## LEN:voweli -4.003e-01 8.074e-01 -0.496 0.62008
## LEN:vowelu -4.901e+00 8.122e-01 -6.034 1.79e-09 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowela -4.424e-02 5.050e-02 -0.876 0.38104
## I(LEN^2):vowelae -1.800e-02 5.044e-02 -0.357 0.72130
## I(LEN^2):voweli 1.105e-02 5.069e-02 0.218 0.82742
## I(LEN^2):vowelu -3.085e-01 5.106e-02 -6.042 1.71e-09 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.7844 on 2983 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.41, Adjusted R-squared: 0.4069
## F-statistic: 129.6 on 16 and 2983 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## LEN 1 0 0.01 0.004 0.946712
## I(LEN^2) 1 4 4.30 3.485 0.062017 .
## vowel 4 950 237.38 192.479 < 2e-16 ***
## replication 1 0 0.30 0.245 0.620806
## generation 1 15 15.06 12.209 0.000483 ***
## LEN:vowel 4 231 57.68 46.770 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowel 4 65 16.20 13.140 1.3e-10 ***
## Residuals 2983 3679 1.23
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = tbx.m0)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa -0.2464482 -0.4214511 -0.07144519 0.0011683
## ae-schwa 0.4442950 0.2692920 0.61929797 0.0000000
## i-schwa 1.0253883 0.8503854 1.20039131 0.0000000
## u-schwa -0.5935383 -0.7685413 -0.41853536 0.0000000
## ae-a 0.6907432 0.5157402 0.86574614 0.0000000
## i-a 1.2718365 1.0968335 1.44683947 0.0000000
## u-a -0.3470902 -0.5220931 -0.17208719 0.0000007
## i-ae 0.5810933 0.4060904 0.75609631 0.0000000
## u-ae -1.0378333 -1.2128363 -0.86283036 0.0000000
## u-i -1.6189267 -1.7939296 -1.44392369 0.0000000##
## Call:
## lm(formula = TBX ~ LEN + I(LEN^2) + vowel + (LEN:vowel) + (I(LEN^2):vowel) +
## replication + generation, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -2.6682 -0.7449 -0.0553 0.7772 3.2908
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 7.382e+00 3.218e+00 2.294 0.02188 *
## LEN 1.883e+00 8.181e-01 2.301 0.02143 *
## I(LEN^2) 1.358e-01 5.140e-02 2.642 0.00829 **
## vowela 7.449e+00 4.469e+00 1.667 0.09565 .
## vowelae -8.458e+00 4.466e+00 -1.894 0.05833 .
## voweli -2.043e+01 4.490e+00 -4.550 5.57e-06 ***
## vowelu -1.523e+00 4.509e+00 -0.338 0.73552
## replication -2.944e-04 7.026e-04 -0.419 0.67526
## generation 7.043e-04 2.152e-04 3.272 0.00108 **
## LEN:vowela 1.421e+00 1.138e+00 1.248 0.21196
## LEN:vowelae -2.171e+00 1.137e+00 -1.909 0.05631 .
## LEN:voweli -6.042e+00 1.143e+00 -5.286 1.34e-07 ***
## LEN:vowelu -6.091e-01 1.150e+00 -0.530 0.59632
## I(LEN^2):vowela 5.560e-02 7.149e-02 0.778 0.43679
## I(LEN^2):vowelae -1.298e-01 7.141e-02 -1.817 0.06926 .
## I(LEN^2):voweli -4.135e-01 7.177e-02 -5.762 9.14e-09 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowelu -6.156e-02 7.229e-02 -0.852 0.39451
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 1.111 on 2983 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.2558, Adjusted R-squared: 0.2518
## F-statistic: 64.09 on 16 and 2983 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## LEN 1 62.7 62.7 119.017 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2) 1 2.4 2.4 4.476 0.03446 *
## vowel 4 1773.7 443.4 841.552 < 2e-16 ***
## replication 1 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.99322
## generation 1 5.1 5.1 9.738 0.00182 **
## LEN:vowel 4 73.2 18.3 34.727 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowel 4 54.3 13.6 25.754 < 2e-16 ***
## Residuals 2983 1571.8 0.5
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = tby.m0)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa -1.2916703 -1.4060593 -1.1772813 0.0000000
## ae-schwa -0.4180947 -0.5324837 -0.3037057 0.0000000
## i-schwa 1.0970285 0.9826395 1.2114175 0.0000000
## u-schwa -0.0884295 -0.2028185 0.0259595 0.2159371
## ae-a 0.8735757 0.7591867 0.9879647 0.0000000
## i-a 2.3886988 2.2743098 2.5030878 0.0000000
## u-a 1.2032408 1.0888518 1.3176298 0.0000000
## i-ae 1.5151232 1.4007342 1.6295122 0.0000000
## u-ae 0.3296652 0.2152762 0.4440542 0.0000000
## u-i -1.1854580 -1.2998470 -1.0710690 0.0000000##
## Call:
## lm(formula = TBY ~ LEN + I(LEN^2) + vowel + (LEN:vowel) + (I(LEN^2):vowel) +
## replication + generation, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -2.8240 -0.4309 0.1024 0.4673 1.9365
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 1.861e+01 2.104e+00 8.845 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN 4.623e+00 5.347e-01 8.646 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2) 2.890e-01 3.360e-02 8.603 < 2e-16 ***
## vowela -2.359e+01 2.921e+00 -8.076 9.65e-16 ***
## vowelae -1.090e+01 2.919e+00 -3.735 0.000191 ***
## voweli -2.663e+01 2.935e+00 -9.075 < 2e-16 ***
## vowelu -1.511e+01 2.947e+00 -5.125 3.16e-07 ***
## replication 3.050e-06 4.592e-04 0.007 0.994701
## generation -1.127e-05 1.407e-04 -0.080 0.936174
## LEN:vowela -5.744e+00 7.439e-01 -7.721 1.56e-14 ***
## LEN:vowelae -2.955e+00 7.432e-01 -3.976 7.18e-05 ***
## LEN:voweli -7.021e+00 7.471e-01 -9.398 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN:vowelu -4.188e+00 7.516e-01 -5.572 2.74e-08 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowela -3.637e-01 4.673e-02 -7.782 9.78e-15 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowelae -2.024e-01 4.668e-02 -4.337 1.49e-05 ***
## I(LEN^2):voweli -4.371e-01 4.691e-02 -9.319 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowelu -2.844e-01 4.725e-02 -6.019 1.97e-09 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.7259 on 2983 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.5564, Adjusted R-squared: 0.554
## F-statistic: 233.8 on 16 and 2983 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## LEN 1 1.7 1.72 16.363 5.36e-05 ***
## I(LEN^2) 1 35.8 35.81 340.846 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel 4 363.3 90.84 864.594 < 2e-16 ***
## replication 1 0.1 0.10 0.923 0.337
## generation 1 3.2 3.18 30.303 4.01e-08 ***
## LEN:vowel 4 76.1 19.02 181.024 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowel 4 3.7 0.93 8.823 4.44e-07 ***
## Residuals 2983 313.4 0.11
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = hx.m0)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa -0.4438560 -0.49493444 -0.39277756 0.0000000
## ae-schwa -0.2991643 -0.35024278 -0.24808589 0.0000000
## i-schwa 0.4376040 0.38652556 0.48868244 0.0000000
## u-schwa 0.3579435 0.30686506 0.40902194 0.0000000
## ae-a 0.1446917 0.09361322 0.19577011 0.0000000
## i-a 0.8814600 0.83038156 0.93253844 0.0000000
## u-a 0.8017995 0.75072106 0.85287794 0.0000000
## i-ae 0.7367683 0.68568989 0.78784678 0.0000000
## u-ae 0.6571078 0.60602939 0.70818628 0.0000000
## u-i -0.0796605 -0.13073894 -0.02858206 0.0002073##
## Call:
## lm(formula = hyoidX ~ LEN + I(LEN^2) + vowel + (LEN:vowel) +
## (I(LEN^2):vowel) + replication + generation, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -1.11530 -0.18256 -0.01713 0.18023 1.37779
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -1.015e+01 9.393e-01 -10.807 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN -2.600e+00 2.388e-01 -10.889 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2) -1.744e-01 1.500e-02 -11.627 < 2e-16 ***
## vowela 6.854e+00 1.304e+00 5.255 1.59e-07 ***
## vowelae 2.453e+00 1.303e+00 1.882 0.059923 .
## voweli 3.054e-01 1.311e+00 0.233 0.815781
## vowelu 4.326e+00 1.316e+00 3.287 0.001024 **
## replication -2.308e-04 2.051e-04 -1.126 0.260439
## generation -4.484e-04 6.282e-05 -7.138 1.18e-12 ***
## LEN:vowela 1.865e+00 3.322e-01 5.614 2.15e-08 ***
## LEN:vowelae 8.165e-01 3.319e-01 2.460 0.013935 *
## LEN:voweli 4.020e-01 3.336e-01 1.205 0.228316
## LEN:vowelu 1.209e+00 3.356e-01 3.602 0.000321 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowela 1.175e-01 2.087e-02 5.629 1.98e-08 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowelae 5.801e-02 2.084e-02 2.783 0.005417 **
## I(LEN^2):voweli 5.175e-02 2.095e-02 2.471 0.013547 *
## I(LEN^2):vowelu 8.822e-02 2.110e-02 4.181 2.98e-05 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.3241 on 2983 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.6069, Adjusted R-squared: 0.6048
## F-statistic: 287.9 on 16 and 2983 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## LEN 1 874.4 874.4 19253.748 <2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2) 1 7.9 7.9 173.996 <2e-16 ***
## vowel 4 16.5 4.1 90.648 <2e-16 ***
## replication 1 0.0 0.0 0.064 0.7999
## generation 1 0.2 0.2 3.549 0.0597 .
## LEN:vowel 4 7.0 1.7 38.440 <2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowel 4 4.3 1.1 23.716 <2e-16 ***
## Residuals 2983 135.5 0.0
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = hy.m0)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa 0.006562833 -0.02702017 0.040145838 0.9839110
## ae-schwa 0.112950833 0.07936783 0.146533838 0.0000000
## i-schwa -0.043065500 -0.07664850 -0.009482495 0.0043015
## u-schwa -0.114359000 -0.14794200 -0.080775995 0.0000000
## ae-a 0.106388000 0.07280500 0.139971005 0.0000000
## i-a -0.049628333 -0.08321134 -0.016045328 0.0005394
## u-a -0.120921833 -0.15450484 -0.087338828 0.0000000
## i-ae -0.156016333 -0.18959934 -0.122433328 0.0000000
## u-ae -0.227309833 -0.26089284 -0.193726828 0.0000000
## u-i -0.071293500 -0.10487650 -0.037710495 0.0000001##
## Call:
## lm(formula = hyoidY ~ LEN + I(LEN^2) + vowel + (LEN:vowel) +
## (I(LEN^2):vowel) + replication + generation, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.80504 -0.15985 0.01614 0.15060 0.60024
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -6.950e+00 6.176e-01 -11.253 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN -1.218e+00 1.570e-01 -7.756 1.19e-14 ***
## I(LEN^2) -1.137e-01 9.863e-03 -11.529 < 2e-16 ***
## vowela 2.386e+00 8.576e-01 2.782 0.00543 **
## vowelae 6.880e+00 8.570e-01 8.028 1.41e-15 ***
## voweli 1.935e+00 8.617e-01 2.246 0.02478 *
## vowelu 3.966e+00 8.653e-01 4.583 4.78e-06 ***
## replication 3.266e-05 1.348e-04 0.242 0.80861
## generation -2.000e-05 4.130e-05 -0.484 0.62823
## LEN:vowela 6.582e-01 2.184e-01 3.013 0.00260 **
## LEN:vowelae 1.883e+00 2.182e-01 8.628 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN:voweli 5.761e-01 2.193e-01 2.627 0.00866 **
## LEN:vowelu 1.100e+00 2.206e-01 4.984 6.57e-07 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowela 4.441e-02 1.372e-02 3.237 0.00122 **
## I(LEN^2):vowelae 1.276e-01 1.370e-02 9.312 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):voweli 4.050e-02 1.377e-02 2.940 0.00330 **
## I(LEN^2):vowelu 7.260e-02 1.387e-02 5.233 1.78e-07 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.2131 on 2983 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.8704, Adjusted R-squared: 0.8698
## F-statistic: 1253 on 16 and 2983 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## LEN 1 8916 8916 34456.837 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2) 1 0 0 1.390 0.23846
## vowel 4 1741 435 1682.194 < 2e-16 ***
## replication 1 0 0 0.065 0.79850
## generation 1 2 2 7.026 0.00808 **
## LEN:vowel 4 181 45 175.212 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowel 4 28 7 26.668 < 2e-16 ***
## Residuals 2983 772 0
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = pc1art.m0)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa -0.837337090 -0.91749556 -0.7571786 0.0000000
## ae-schwa -0.604616068 -0.68477454 -0.5244576 0.0000000
## i-schwa 0.968036411 0.88787794 1.0481949 0.0000000
## u-schwa 0.973586733 0.89342826 1.0537452 0.0000000
## ae-a 0.232721022 0.15256255 0.3128795 0.0000000
## i-a 1.805373501 1.72521503 1.8855320 0.0000000
## u-a 1.810923822 1.73076535 1.8910823 0.0000000
## i-ae 1.572652479 1.49249400 1.6528110 0.0000000
## u-ae 1.578202801 1.49804433 1.6583613 0.0000000
## u-i 0.005550322 -0.07460815 0.0857088 0.9997155##
## Call:
## lm(formula = PC1.art ~ LEN + I(LEN^2) + vowel + (LEN:vowel) +
## (I(LEN^2):vowel) + replication + generation, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -2.04555 -0.32109 0.02406 0.36281 1.55285
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 5.260e+00 1.474e+00 3.568 0.000365 ***
## LEN -6.928e-01 3.747e-01 -1.849 0.064564 .
## I(LEN^2) -1.697e-01 2.354e-02 -7.208 7.17e-13 ***
## vowela 1.112e+01 2.047e+00 5.434 5.96e-08 ***
## vowelae 1.596e+01 2.046e+00 7.801 8.42e-15 ***
## voweli 2.498e+00 2.057e+00 1.215 0.224537
## vowelu 5.573e+00 2.065e+00 2.698 0.007006 **
## replication 9.643e-05 3.218e-04 0.300 0.764475
## generation 1.893e-04 9.858e-05 1.921 0.054883 .
## LEN:vowela 3.167e+00 5.213e-01 6.075 1.40e-09 ***
## LEN:vowelae 4.681e+00 5.208e-01 8.987 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN:voweli 1.068e+00 5.235e-01 2.039 0.041523 *
## LEN:vowelu 1.634e+00 5.267e-01 3.102 0.001942 **
## I(LEN^2):vowela 2.056e-01 3.275e-02 6.277 3.95e-10 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowelae 3.215e-01 3.271e-02 9.828 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):voweli 1.083e-01 3.287e-02 3.294 0.000998 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowelu 1.304e-01 3.311e-02 3.937 8.44e-05 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.5087 on 2983 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.9337, Adjusted R-squared: 0.9333
## F-statistic: 2625 on 16 and 2983 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## LEN 1 1090 1089.5 3992.739 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2) 1 102 101.8 372.908 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel 4 4409 1102.3 4039.536 < 2e-16 ***
## replication 1 0 0.0 0.019 0.892
## generation 1 5 5.2 19.059 1.31e-05 ***
## LEN:vowel 4 110 27.5 100.801 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowel 4 57 14.2 52.063 < 2e-16 ***
## Residuals 2983 814 0.3
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = pc2art.m0)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa -1.3958125 -1.4781310 -1.3134941 0
## ae-schwa -0.6647254 -0.7470438 -0.5824070 0
## i-schwa 2.0773503 1.9950319 2.1596688 0
## u-schwa 0.9008470 0.8185286 0.9831654 0
## ae-a 0.7310872 0.6487687 0.8134056 0
## i-a 3.4731629 3.3908444 3.5554813 0
## u-a 2.2966595 2.2143411 2.3789780 0
## i-ae 2.7420757 2.6597573 2.8243941 0
## u-ae 1.5655724 1.4832539 1.6478908 0
## u-i -1.1765033 -1.2588218 -1.0941849 0##
## Call:
## lm(formula = PC2.art ~ LEN + I(LEN^2) + vowel + (LEN:vowel) +
## (I(LEN^2):vowel) + replication + generation, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -2.15856 -0.31945 -0.01013 0.34866 1.96673
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -1.641e+01 1.514e+00 -10.840 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN -3.776e+00 3.848e-01 -9.812 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2) -2.132e-01 2.418e-02 -8.820 < 2e-16 ***
## vowela 9.255e+00 2.102e+00 4.403 1.11e-05 ***
## vowelae 1.672e+00 2.101e+00 0.796 0.426184
## voweli -1.811e+01 2.112e+00 -8.575 < 2e-16 ***
## vowelu 6.739e+00 2.121e+00 3.177 0.001503 **
## replication -8.581e-05 3.305e-04 -0.260 0.795148
## generation -5.414e-04 1.012e-04 -5.348 9.55e-08 ***
## LEN:vowela 2.689e+00 5.354e-01 5.024 5.37e-07 ***
## LEN:vowelae 9.090e-01 5.348e-01 1.700 0.089324 .
## LEN:voweli -4.681e+00 5.376e-01 -8.706 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN:vowelu 1.740e+00 5.408e-01 3.217 0.001308 **
## I(LEN^2):vowela 1.673e-01 3.363e-02 4.976 6.86e-07 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowelae 7.588e-02 3.359e-02 2.259 0.023952 *
## I(LEN^2):voweli -2.650e-01 3.376e-02 -7.851 5.72e-15 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowelu 1.249e-01 3.400e-02 3.675 0.000242 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.5224 on 2983 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.8764, Adjusted R-squared: 0.8758
## F-statistic: 1322 on 16 and 2983 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## LEN 1 96 95.8 211.773 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2) 1 1 0.6 1.308 0.25292
## vowel 4 3354 838.4 1852.778 < 2e-16 ***
## replication 1 0 0.0 0.017 0.89773
## generation 1 4 4.5 9.897 0.00167 **
## LEN:vowel 4 330 82.6 182.568 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowel 4 220 55.0 121.619 < 2e-16 ***
## Residuals 2983 1350 0.5
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = pc3art.m0)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa -0.06088109 -0.1668890 0.04512681 0.5184641
## ae-schwa -1.38322834 -1.4892362 -1.27722044 0.0000000
## i-schwa -1.60181888 -1.7078268 -1.49581098 0.0000000
## u-schwa 1.30799147 1.2019836 1.41399937 0.0000000
## ae-a -1.32234725 -1.4283551 -1.21633935 0.0000000
## i-a -1.54093779 -1.6469457 -1.43492989 0.0000000
## u-a 1.36887256 1.2628647 1.47488046 0.0000000
## i-ae -0.21859054 -0.3245984 -0.11258264 0.0000002
## u-ae 2.69121981 2.5852119 2.79722771 0.0000000
## u-i 2.90981035 2.8038025 3.01581825 0.0000000##
## Call:
## lm(formula = PC3.art ~ LEN + I(LEN^2) + vowel + (LEN:vowel) +
## (I(LEN^2):vowel) + replication + generation, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -2.47554 -0.40551 0.02374 0.44072 2.01046
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -1.051e+01 1.949e+00 -5.391 7.57e-08 ***
## LEN -2.980e+00 4.955e-01 -6.013 2.04e-09 ***
## I(LEN^2) -1.990e-01 3.113e-02 -6.392 1.90e-10 ***
## vowela 1.625e+00 2.707e+00 0.600 0.548411
## vowelae 8.098e+00 2.705e+00 2.993 0.002782 **
## voweli 4.363e+01 2.720e+00 16.040 < 2e-16 ***
## vowelu -3.413e-01 2.731e+00 -0.125 0.900583
## replication 3.207e-05 4.256e-04 0.075 0.939944
## generation -2.998e-04 1.304e-04 -2.299 0.021553 *
## LEN:vowela 8.118e-01 6.894e-01 1.178 0.239069
## LEN:vowelae 2.406e+00 6.888e-01 3.493 0.000484 ***
## LEN:voweli 1.230e+01 6.924e-01 17.769 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN:vowelu 3.160e-01 6.965e-01 0.454 0.650047
## I(LEN^2):vowela 7.440e-02 4.331e-02 1.718 0.085910 .
## I(LEN^2):vowelae 1.500e-01 4.326e-02 3.468 0.000531 ***
## I(LEN^2):voweli 8.183e-01 4.347e-02 18.823 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowelu 6.505e-02 4.379e-02 1.486 0.137474
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.6727 on 2983 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.7479, Adjusted R-squared: 0.7466
## F-statistic: 553.2 on 16 and 2983 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## LEN 1 11 11.3 6.946e+02 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2) 1 0 0.5 3.064e+01 3.37e-08 ***
## vowel 4 8907 2226.7 1.370e+05 < 2e-16 ***
## replication 1 0 0.0 6.570e-01 0.418
## generation 1 2 1.7 1.057e+02 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN:vowel 4 9 2.3 1.412e+02 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowel 4 11 2.8 1.749e+02 < 2e-16 ***
## Residuals 2983 48 0.0
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = f1.m0)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa 1.2662947 1.2462044 1.2863849 0
## ae-schwa 1.4269103 1.4068201 1.4470006 0
## i-schwa -2.7444628 -2.7645531 -2.7243726 0
## u-schwa -2.1558078 -2.1758981 -2.1357176 0
## ae-a 0.1606157 0.1405254 0.1807059 0
## i-a -4.0107575 -4.0308478 -3.9906672 0
## u-a -3.4221025 -3.4421928 -3.4020122 0
## i-ae -4.1713732 -4.1914634 -4.1512829 0
## u-ae -3.5827182 -3.6028084 -3.5626279 0
## u-i 0.5886550 0.5685647 0.6087453 0##
## Call:
## lm(formula = F1 ~ LEN + I(LEN^2) + vowel + (LEN:vowel) + (I(LEN^2):vowel) +
## replication + generation, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.71892 -0.05245 -0.00138 0.05277 1.15894
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 4.624e+00 3.694e-01 12.517 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN -1.291e-01 9.391e-02 -1.374 0.169
## I(LEN^2) -7.754e-03 5.900e-03 -1.314 0.189
## vowela -2.064e+00 5.130e-01 -4.023 5.89e-05 ***
## vowelae -3.472e+00 5.127e-01 -6.773 1.52e-11 ***
## voweli 3.624e+00 5.155e-01 7.030 2.55e-12 ***
## vowelu 2.111e+00 5.177e-01 4.077 4.67e-05 ***
## replication 4.727e-05 8.066e-05 0.586 0.558
## generation -2.397e-04 2.471e-05 -9.703 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN:vowela -8.812e-01 1.307e-01 -6.745 1.83e-11 ***
## LEN:vowelae -1.380e+00 1.305e-01 -10.570 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN:voweli 1.571e+00 1.312e-01 11.975 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN:vowelu 9.468e-01 1.320e-01 7.173 9.21e-13 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowela -5.706e-02 8.207e-03 -6.952 4.41e-12 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowelae -9.455e-02 8.198e-03 -11.534 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):voweli 9.528e-02 8.239e-03 11.565 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowelu 5.098e-02 8.298e-03 6.143 9.18e-10 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.1275 on 2983 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.9946, Adjusted R-squared: 0.9946
## F-statistic: 3.438e+04 on 16 and 2983 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## LEN 1 0.40 0.405 27.682 1.53e-07 ***
## I(LEN^2) 1 3.34 3.343 228.593 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel 4 5.46 1.364 93.252 < 2e-16 ***
## replication 1 0.05 0.046 3.131 0.0769 .
## generation 1 2.20 2.205 150.738 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN:vowel 4 7.98 1.996 136.483 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowel 4 0.80 0.201 13.720 4.34e-11 ***
## Residuals 2983 43.63 0.015
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = f1e.m0)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa 0.054684170 0.035626048 0.07374229 0.0000000
## ae-schwa 0.046145752 0.027087629 0.06520387 0.0000000
## i-schwa 0.022666699 0.003608576 0.04172482 0.0103877
## u-schwa 0.126216379 0.107158257 0.14527450 0.0000000
## ae-a -0.008538419 -0.027596541 0.01051970 0.7380593
## i-a -0.032017471 -0.051075594 -0.01295935 0.0000463
## u-a 0.071532209 0.052474087 0.09059033 0.0000000
## i-ae -0.023479053 -0.042537175 -0.00442093 0.0069959
## u-ae 0.080070628 0.061012505 0.09912875 0.0000000
## u-i 0.103549680 0.084491558 0.12260780 0.0000000##
## Call:
## lm(formula = F1.error ~ LEN + I(LEN^2) + vowel + (LEN:vowel) +
## (I(LEN^2):vowel) + replication + generation, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.37891 -0.03064 -0.00755 0.01857 2.44618
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 1.018e+00 3.505e-01 2.906 0.003693 **
## LEN 2.513e-01 8.909e-02 2.821 0.004826 **
## I(LEN^2) 1.591e-02 5.597e-03 2.842 0.004519 **
## vowela 1.852e+00 4.867e-01 3.805 0.000144 ***
## vowelae 2.656e+00 4.863e-01 5.461 5.13e-08 ***
## voweli 1.126e+00 4.890e-01 2.303 0.021366 *
## vowelu 3.925e+00 4.911e-01 7.993 1.86e-15 ***
## replication 1.139e-04 7.651e-05 1.489 0.136569
## generation -2.838e-04 2.344e-05 -12.109 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN:vowela 4.536e-01 1.239e-01 3.660 0.000257 ***
## LEN:vowelae 7.146e-01 1.238e-01 5.771 8.69e-09 ***
## LEN:voweli 2.696e-01 1.245e-01 2.166 0.030393 *
## LEN:vowelu 8.546e-01 1.252e-01 6.825 1.06e-11 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowela 2.833e-02 7.786e-03 3.639 0.000278 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowelae 4.768e-02 7.777e-03 6.132 9.83e-10 ***
## I(LEN^2):voweli 1.616e-02 7.815e-03 2.067 0.038785 *
## I(LEN^2):vowelu 4.688e-02 7.872e-03 5.955 2.90e-09 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.1209 on 2983 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.3169, Adjusted R-squared: 0.3133
## F-statistic: 86.5 on 16 and 2983 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## LEN 1 44 44 2.163e+03 <2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2) 1 7 7 3.355e+02 <2e-16 ***
## vowel 4 25939 6485 3.171e+05 <2e-16 ***
## replication 1 0 0 2.020e-01 0.653
## generation 1 2 2 1.191e+02 <2e-16 ***
## LEN:vowel 4 61 15 7.416e+02 <2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowel 4 29 7 3.485e+02 <2e-16 ***
## Residuals 2983 61 0
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = f2.m0)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa -1.076651 -1.099186 -1.054116 0
## ae-schwa 2.404134 2.381599 2.426669 0
## i-schwa 4.196537 4.174002 4.219072 0
## u-schwa -4.353799 -4.376334 -4.331264 0
## ae-a 3.480784 3.458249 3.503319 0
## i-a 5.273188 5.250653 5.295723 0
## u-a -3.277148 -3.299683 -3.254613 0
## i-ae 1.792404 1.769869 1.814939 0
## u-ae -6.757933 -6.780468 -6.735397 0
## u-i -8.550336 -8.572871 -8.527801 0##
## Call:
## lm(formula = F2 ~ LEN + I(LEN^2) + vowel + (LEN:vowel) + (I(LEN^2):vowel) +
## replication + generation, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.76663 -0.05060 -0.00369 0.05095 1.85656
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 9.718e+00 4.144e-01 23.450 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN 5.292e-02 1.053e-01 0.502 0.615
## I(LEN^2) 3.491e-03 6.618e-03 0.528 0.598
## vowela -5.281e-01 5.755e-01 -0.918 0.359
## vowelae -3.133e+00 5.751e-01 -5.447 5.52e-08 ***
## voweli -7.769e+00 5.782e-01 -13.437 < 2e-16 ***
## vowelu 7.929e-01 5.807e-01 1.365 0.172
## replication 3.067e-05 9.047e-05 0.339 0.735
## generation -1.318e-04 2.771e-05 -4.755 2.08e-06 ***
## LEN:vowela 1.474e-01 1.466e-01 1.006 0.315
## LEN:vowelae -1.536e+00 1.464e-01 -10.493 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN:voweli -3.452e+00 1.472e-01 -23.452 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN:vowelu 1.184e+00 1.481e-01 7.996 1.83e-15 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowela 9.786e-03 9.206e-03 1.063 0.288
## I(LEN^2):vowelae -1.040e-01 9.195e-03 -11.308 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):voweli -2.409e-01 9.241e-03 -26.064 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowelu 6.650e-02 9.308e-03 7.144 1.13e-12 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.143 on 2983 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.9977, Adjusted R-squared: 0.9977
## F-statistic: 7.971e+04 on 16 and 2983 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## LEN 1 19.24 19.236 570.924 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2) 1 22.38 22.380 664.225 < 2e-16 ***
## vowel 4 50.08 12.520 371.589 < 2e-16 ***
## replication 1 0.00 0.003 0.101 0.75092
## generation 1 0.34 0.335 9.946 0.00163 **
## LEN:vowel 4 93.96 23.490 697.189 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowel 4 40.50 10.126 300.543 < 2e-16 ***
## Residuals 2983 100.51 0.034
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = f2e.m0)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa 0.009513431 -0.019412150 0.03843901 0.8978329
## ae-schwa 0.033145297 0.004219716 0.06207088 0.0153061
## i-schwa 0.346381443 0.317455863 0.37530702 0.0000000
## u-schwa 0.084291067 0.055365486 0.11321665 0.0000000
## ae-a 0.023631866 -0.005293715 0.05255745 0.1689003
## i-a 0.336868013 0.307942432 0.36579359 0.0000000
## u-a 0.074777636 0.045852055 0.10370322 0.0000000
## i-ae 0.313236146 0.284310566 0.34216173 0.0000000
## u-ae 0.051145770 0.022220189 0.08007135 0.0000144
## u-i -0.262090376 -0.291015957 -0.23316480 0.0000000##
## Call:
## lm(formula = F2.error ~ LEN + I(LEN^2) + vowel + (LEN:vowel) +
## (I(LEN^2):vowel) + replication + generation, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.5844 -0.0373 -0.0055 0.0241 4.6120
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 1.008e+00 5.319e-01 1.895 0.058149 .
## LEN 2.476e-01 1.352e-01 1.831 0.067161 .
## I(LEN^2) 1.577e-02 8.495e-03 1.856 0.063506 .
## vowela -1.668e-01 7.386e-01 -0.226 0.821363
## vowelae 2.359e+00 7.382e-01 3.196 0.001409 **
## voweli 1.837e+01 7.422e-01 24.759 < 2e-16 ***
## vowelu 4.199e+00 7.453e-01 5.633 1.93e-08 ***
## replication -5.927e-05 1.161e-04 -0.510 0.609829
## generation -2.970e-04 3.557e-05 -8.349 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN:vowela -5.560e-02 1.881e-01 -0.296 0.767572
## LEN:vowelae 6.324e-01 1.879e-01 3.365 0.000775 ***
## LEN:voweli 5.037e+00 1.889e-01 26.662 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN:vowelu 9.655e-01 1.900e-01 5.080 4.00e-07 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowela -3.950e-03 1.182e-02 -0.334 0.738172
## I(LEN^2):vowelae 4.193e-02 1.180e-02 3.552 0.000388 ***
## I(LEN^2):voweli 3.426e-01 1.186e-02 28.882 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowelu 5.571e-02 1.195e-02 4.663 3.26e-06 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.1836 on 2983 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.6926, Adjusted R-squared: 0.691
## F-statistic: 420.2 on 16 and 2983 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## LEN 1 213.5 213.47 2299.192 <2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2) 1 94.8 94.78 1020.771 <2e-16 ***
## vowel 4 397.4 99.36 1070.144 <2e-16 ***
## replication 1 0.0 0.00 0.044 0.834
## generation 1 0.2 0.23 2.434 0.119
## LEN:vowel 4 19.2 4.79 51.644 <2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowel 4 24.7 6.18 66.539 <2e-16 ***
## Residuals 2983 277.0 0.09
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = f3.m0)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa 0.3796662 0.33164887 0.4276835 0.0e+00
## ae-schwa 0.1479860 0.09996871 0.1960033 0.0e+00
## i-schwa 1.0587442 1.01072687 1.1067615 0.0e+00
## u-schwa 0.4722282 0.42421087 0.5202455 0.0e+00
## ae-a -0.2316802 -0.27969746 -0.1836629 0.0e+00
## i-a 0.6790780 0.63106071 0.7270953 0.0e+00
## u-a 0.0925620 0.04454471 0.1405793 1.5e-06
## i-ae 0.9107582 0.86274087 0.9587755 0.0e+00
## u-ae 0.3242422 0.27622487 0.3722595 0.0e+00
## u-i -0.5865160 -0.63453329 -0.5384987 0.0e+00##
## Call:
## lm(formula = F3 ~ LEN + I(LEN^2) + vowel + (LEN:vowel) + (I(LEN^2):vowel) +
## replication + generation, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -1.78577 -0.10898 -0.00001 0.10983 1.82683
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 2.141e+00 8.830e-01 2.424 0.0154 *
## LEN -3.373e+00 2.245e-01 -15.028 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2) -2.273e-01 1.410e-02 -16.118 < 2e-16 ***
## vowela -6.354e+00 1.226e+00 -5.182 2.34e-07 ***
## vowelae -5.794e-01 1.225e+00 -0.473 0.6364
## voweli 6.758e+00 1.232e+00 5.486 4.47e-08 ***
## vowelu 1.151e+01 1.237e+00 9.303 < 2e-16 ***
## replication 4.658e-05 1.928e-04 0.242 0.8091
## generation 8.062e-05 5.905e-05 1.365 0.1723
## LEN:vowela -1.857e+00 3.123e-01 -5.946 3.07e-09 ***
## LEN:vowelae -1.945e-01 3.120e-01 -0.623 0.5331
## LEN:voweli 1.566e+00 3.136e-01 4.994 6.27e-07 ***
## LEN:vowelu 2.765e+00 3.155e-01 8.763 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowela -1.250e-01 1.962e-02 -6.371 2.16e-10 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowelae -1.271e-02 1.959e-02 -0.649 0.5166
## I(LEN^2):voweli 1.051e-01 1.969e-02 5.336 1.02e-07 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowelu 1.702e-01 1.983e-02 8.581 < 2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.3047 on 2983 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.7303, Adjusted R-squared: 0.7288
## F-statistic: 504.7 on 16 and 2983 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## LEN 1 336.8 336.8 2401.950 <2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2) 1 205.5 205.5 1465.412 <2e-16 ***
## vowel 4 72.2 18.0 128.683 <2e-16 ***
## replication 1 0.0 0.0 0.063 0.801
## generation 1 18.3 18.3 130.308 <2e-16 ***
## LEN:vowel 4 91.4 22.8 162.889 <2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowel 4 61.0 15.3 108.804 <2e-16 ***
## Residuals 2983 418.3 0.1
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = f3e.m0)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa 0.24590068 0.18689104 0.30491032 0.0000000
## ae-schwa 0.01228932 -0.04672032 0.07129896 0.9796108
## i-schwa -0.02238000 -0.08138964 0.03662964 0.8390675
## u-schwa 0.36119025 0.30218060 0.42019989 0.0000000
## ae-a -0.23361136 -0.29262100 -0.17460172 0.0000000
## i-a -0.26828068 -0.32729032 -0.20927104 0.0000000
## u-a 0.11528957 0.05627992 0.17429921 0.0000010
## i-ae -0.03466932 -0.09367896 0.02434032 0.4951256
## u-ae 0.34890093 0.28989128 0.40791057 0.0000000
## u-i 0.38357025 0.32456060 0.44257989 0.0000000##
## Call:
## lm(formula = F3.error ~ LEN + I(LEN^2) + vowel + (LEN:vowel) +
## (I(LEN^2):vowel) + replication + generation, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -1.85790 -0.11849 -0.00991 0.10380 2.67903
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 1.373e+01 1.085e+00 12.651 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN 3.681e+00 2.758e-01 13.343 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2) 2.454e-01 1.733e-02 14.160 < 2e-16 ***
## vowela 1.678e+01 1.507e+00 11.133 < 2e-16 ***
## vowelae -1.956e+00 1.506e+00 -1.299 0.194
## voweli -8.459e+00 1.514e+00 -5.587 2.51e-08 ***
## vowelu 8.111e+00 1.520e+00 5.335 1.03e-07 ***
## replication 2.269e-05 2.369e-04 0.096 0.924
## generation -4.896e-04 7.257e-05 -6.746 1.82e-11 ***
## LEN:vowela 4.536e+00 3.838e-01 11.821 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN:vowelae -5.201e-01 3.834e-01 -1.357 0.175
## LEN:voweli -2.257e+00 3.854e-01 -5.857 5.22e-09 ***
## LEN:vowelu 2.299e+00 3.877e-01 5.929 3.39e-09 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowela 3.043e-01 2.411e-02 12.624 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowelae -3.392e-02 2.408e-02 -1.409 0.159
## I(LEN^2):voweli -1.480e-01 2.420e-02 -6.118 1.07e-09 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowelu 1.643e-01 2.437e-02 6.740 1.90e-11 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.3745 on 2983 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.6524, Adjusted R-squared: 0.6506
## F-statistic: 350 on 16 and 2983 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## LEN 1 65.88 65.88 915.085 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2) 1 0.56 0.56 7.716 0.00551 **
## vowel 4 164.02 41.00 569.533 < 2e-16 ***
## replication 1 0.04 0.04 0.539 0.46289
## generation 1 2.81 2.81 39.088 4.63e-10 ***
## LEN:vowel 4 19.05 4.76 66.166 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowel 4 20.82 5.21 72.300 < 2e-16 ***
## Residuals 2983 214.76 0.07
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = f4.m0)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa -0.18706467 -0.229347849 -0.144781484 0.0000000
## ae-schwa 0.03495083 -0.007332349 0.077234016 0.1596788
## i-schwa 0.50373283 0.461449651 0.546016016 0.0000000
## u-schwa -0.04582850 -0.088111682 -0.003545318 0.0258936
## ae-a 0.22201550 0.179732318 0.264298682 0.0000000
## i-a 0.69079750 0.648514318 0.733080682 0.0000000
## u-a 0.14123617 0.098952984 0.183519349 0.0000000
## i-ae 0.46878200 0.426498818 0.511065182 0.0000000
## u-ae -0.08077933 -0.123062516 -0.038496151 0.0000020
## u-i -0.54956133 -0.591844516 -0.507278151 0.0000000##
## Call:
## lm(formula = F4 ~ LEN + I(LEN^2) + vowel + (LEN:vowel) + (I(LEN^2):vowel) +
## replication + generation, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -1.31160 -0.13988 -0.02858 0.09520 1.64294
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 12.2559754 0.7775637 15.762 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN -1.0363722 0.1976581 -5.243 1.69e-07 ***
## I(LEN^2) -0.0680677 0.0124182 -5.481 4.58e-08 ***
## vowela -1.8431068 1.0797328 -1.707 0.08793 .
## vowelae 2.8151681 1.0790335 2.609 0.00913 **
## voweli 8.0354463 1.0848880 7.407 1.68e-13 ***
## vowelu 13.8142052 1.0894926 12.679 < 2e-16 ***
## replication 0.0001035 0.0001698 0.610 0.54197
## generation -0.0002791 0.0000520 -5.368 8.59e-08 ***
## LEN:vowela -0.6025396 0.2749866 -2.191 0.02852 *
## LEN:vowelae 0.4976349 0.2747206 1.811 0.07018 .
## LEN:voweli 1.8445077 0.2761606 6.679 2.86e-11 ***
## LEN:vowelu 3.4884375 0.2778076 12.557 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowela -0.0486044 0.0172740 -2.814 0.00493 **
## I(LEN^2):vowelae 0.0181883 0.0172534 1.054 0.29188
## I(LEN^2):voweli 0.1109727 0.0173398 6.400 1.80e-10 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowelu 0.2161769 0.0174651 12.378 < 2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.2683 on 2983 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.5599, Adjusted R-squared: 0.5575
## F-statistic: 237.2 on 16 and 2983 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## LEN 1 0.11 0.114 1.300 0.254
## I(LEN^2) 1 6.12 6.125 69.930 <2e-16 ***
## vowel 4 23.65 5.912 67.500 <2e-16 ***
## replication 1 0.00 0.004 0.043 0.835
## generation 1 13.71 13.707 156.508 <2e-16 ***
## LEN:vowel 4 14.76 3.691 42.146 <2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowel 4 12.96 3.240 36.996 <2e-16 ***
## Residuals 2983 261.26 0.088
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = f4e.m0)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa 0.07531938 0.02868309 0.121955664 0.0001054
## ae-schwa 0.08824385 0.04160756 0.134880140 0.0000025
## i-schwa 0.05149025 0.00485396 0.098126536 0.0218916
## u-schwa 0.26251898 0.21588269 0.309155268 0.0000000
## ae-a 0.01292448 -0.03371181 0.059560763 0.9428703
## i-a -0.02382913 -0.07046542 0.022807160 0.6311783
## u-a 0.18719960 0.14056332 0.233835892 0.0000000
## i-ae -0.03675360 -0.08338989 0.009882684 0.1989404
## u-ae 0.17427513 0.12763884 0.220911417 0.0000000
## u-i 0.21102873 0.16439244 0.257665020 0.0000000##
## Call:
## lm(formula = F4.error ~ LEN + I(LEN^2) + vowel + (LEN:vowel) +
## (I(LEN^2):vowel) + replication + generation, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.7485 -0.0849 -0.0326 0.0459 4.3436
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 1.402e+00 8.576e-01 1.635 0.102142
## LEN 3.421e-01 2.180e-01 1.569 0.116715
## I(LEN^2) 2.249e-02 1.370e-02 1.642 0.100658
## vowela -1.963e+00 1.191e+00 -1.648 0.099435 .
## vowelae 3.470e+00 1.190e+00 2.916 0.003575 **
## voweli 5.162e-01 1.197e+00 0.431 0.666239
## vowelu 1.197e+01 1.202e+00 9.960 < 2e-16 ***
## replication -5.014e-06 1.872e-04 -0.027 0.978636
## generation -5.833e-04 5.736e-05 -10.170 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN:vowela -5.247e-01 3.033e-01 -1.730 0.083725 .
## LEN:vowelae 9.642e-01 3.030e-01 3.182 0.001477 **
## LEN:voweli 5.172e-02 3.046e-01 0.170 0.865170
## LEN:vowelu 2.871e+00 3.064e-01 9.371 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowela -3.284e-02 1.905e-02 -1.724 0.084868 .
## I(LEN^2):vowelae 6.643e-02 1.903e-02 3.491 0.000489 ***
## I(LEN^2):voweli -8.923e-04 1.912e-02 -0.047 0.962790
## I(LEN^2):vowelu 1.736e-01 1.926e-02 9.014 < 2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.2959 on 2983 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.2145, Adjusted R-squared: 0.2102
## F-statistic: 50.9 on 16 and 2983 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## LEN 1 65.93 65.93 1520.677 <2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2) 1 77.15 77.15 1779.445 <2e-16 ***
## vowel 4 106.48 26.62 613.995 <2e-16 ***
## replication 1 0.03 0.03 0.744 0.389
## generation 1 6.42 6.42 148.158 <2e-16 ***
## LEN:vowel 4 19.37 4.84 111.700 <2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowel 4 90.46 22.62 521.652 <2e-16 ***
## Residuals 2983 129.33 0.04
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = f5.m0)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa 0.02494017 -0.007871841 0.057752175 0.2313571
## ae-schwa 0.09895817 0.066146159 0.131770175 0.0000000
## i-schwa -0.03595900 -0.068771008 -0.003146992 0.0234372
## u-schwa -0.43585017 -0.468662175 -0.403038159 0.0000000
## ae-a 0.07401800 0.041205992 0.106830008 0.0000000
## i-a -0.06089917 -0.093711175 -0.028087159 0.0000043
## u-a -0.46079033 -0.493602341 -0.427978325 0.0000000
## i-ae -0.13491717 -0.167729175 -0.102105159 0.0000000
## u-ae -0.53480833 -0.567620341 -0.501996325 0.0000000
## u-i -0.39989117 -0.432703175 -0.367079159 0.0000000##
## Call:
## lm(formula = F5 ~ LEN + I(LEN^2) + vowel + (LEN:vowel) + (I(LEN^2):vowel) +
## replication + generation, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -1.16825 -0.10985 0.00877 0.09293 1.36548
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 2.332e+01 6.034e-01 38.655 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN 1.265e+00 1.534e-01 8.248 2.39e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2) 7.574e-02 9.637e-03 7.859 5.34e-15 ***
## vowela 2.452e+00 8.379e-01 2.927 0.00345 **
## vowelae 1.138e-01 8.373e-01 0.136 0.89191
## voweli 2.532e+00 8.419e-01 3.007 0.00266 **
## vowelu 3.242e+01 8.455e-01 38.343 < 2e-16 ***
## replication -1.388e-04 1.317e-04 -1.054 0.29212
## generation -3.344e-04 4.035e-05 -8.286 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN:vowela 5.222e-01 2.134e-01 2.447 0.01446 *
## LEN:vowelae -9.328e-02 2.132e-01 -0.438 0.66174
## LEN:voweli 6.251e-01 2.143e-01 2.917 0.00356 **
## LEN:vowelu 8.173e+00 2.156e-01 37.911 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowela 2.704e-02 1.340e-02 2.017 0.04376 *
## I(LEN^2):vowelae -1.191e-02 1.339e-02 -0.890 0.37380
## I(LEN^2):voweli 3.734e-02 1.346e-02 2.775 0.00555 **
## I(LEN^2):vowelu 5.002e-01 1.355e-02 36.910 < 2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.2082 on 2983 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.7388, Adjusted R-squared: 0.7374
## F-statistic: 527.4 on 16 and 2983 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## LEN 1 78.9 78.94 826.584 <2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2) 1 162.8 162.76 1704.212 <2e-16 ***
## vowel 4 363.9 90.98 952.642 <2e-16 ***
## replication 1 0.1 0.07 0.707 0.401
## generation 1 14.3 14.30 149.726 <2e-16 ***
## LEN:vowel 4 170.6 42.65 446.635 <2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowel 4 349.2 87.30 914.151 <2e-16 ***
## Residuals 2983 284.9 0.10
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = f5e.m0)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa 0.017963483 -0.030735666 0.06666263 0.8523528
## ae-schwa 0.023620836 -0.025078313 0.07231998 0.6763185
## i-schwa 0.050998397 0.002299248 0.09969755 0.0347793
## u-schwa 0.892911019 0.844211871 0.94161017 0.0000000
## ae-a 0.005657353 -0.043041796 0.05435650 0.9978132
## i-a 0.033034914 -0.015664234 0.08173406 0.3441483
## u-a 0.874947537 0.826248388 0.92364669 0.0000000
## i-ae 0.027377561 -0.021321587 0.07607671 0.5400289
## u-ae 0.869290184 0.820591035 0.91798933 0.0000000
## u-i 0.841912622 0.793213474 0.89061177 0.0000000##
## Call:
## lm(formula = F5.error ~ LEN + I(LEN^2) + vowel + (LEN:vowel) +
## (I(LEN^2):vowel) + replication + generation, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -2.70174 -0.05366 -0.00684 0.03785 2.68674
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 4.010e+00 8.955e-01 4.477 7.84e-06 ***
## LEN 9.752e-01 2.277e-01 4.284 1.90e-05 ***
## I(LEN^2) 5.998e-02 1.430e-02 4.193 2.83e-05 ***
## vowela 1.577e+00 1.244e+00 1.268 0.205
## vowelae 1.750e+00 1.243e+00 1.408 0.159
## voweli 1.992e+00 1.250e+00 1.594 0.111
## vowelu 6.642e+01 1.255e+00 52.932 < 2e-16 ***
## replication -1.971e-04 1.955e-04 -1.008 0.313
## generation -4.353e-04 5.989e-05 -7.269 4.61e-13 ***
## LEN:vowela 3.451e-01 3.167e-01 1.089 0.276
## LEN:vowelae 4.184e-01 3.164e-01 1.322 0.186
## LEN:voweli 4.585e-01 3.181e-01 1.441 0.150
## LEN:vowelu 1.614e+01 3.200e-01 50.436 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowela 1.870e-02 1.990e-02 0.940 0.347
## I(LEN^2):vowelae 2.471e-02 1.987e-02 1.244 0.214
## I(LEN^2):voweli 2.648e-02 1.997e-02 1.326 0.185
## I(LEN^2):vowelu 9.773e-01 2.012e-02 48.584 < 2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.309 on 2983 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.8, Adjusted R-squared: 0.799
## F-statistic: 745.9 on 16 and 2983 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## LEN 1 7596 7596 28288.471 <2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2) 1 53 53 196.091 <2e-16 ***
## vowel 4 5963 1491 5552.210 <2e-16 ***
## replication 1 0 0 0.201 0.654
## generation 1 0 0 0.939 0.333
## LEN:vowel 4 188 47 175.319 <2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowel 4 68 17 63.315 <2e-16 ***
## Residuals 2983 801 0
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = pc1.m0)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa -1.0929117 -1.1745688 -1.0112546 0
## ae-schwa -0.4766921 -0.5583492 -0.3950350 0
## i-schwa 2.9010057 2.8193486 2.9826628 0
## u-schwa 1.1578212 1.0761641 1.2394783 0
## ae-a 0.6162196 0.5345625 0.6978767 0
## i-a 3.9939175 3.9122604 4.0755746 0
## u-a 2.2507330 2.1690759 2.3323901 0
## i-ae 3.3776979 3.2960408 3.4593550 0
## u-ae 1.6345134 1.5528563 1.7161705 0
## u-i -1.7431845 -1.8248416 -1.6615274 0##
## Call:
## lm(formula = PC1 ~ LEN + I(LEN^2) + vowel + (LEN:vowel) + (I(LEN^2):vowel) +
## replication + generation, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -2.9050 -0.2699 0.0102 0.2812 2.4989
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -7.2745252 1.5016277 -4.844 1.33e-06 ***
## LEN -3.5196863 0.3817164 -9.221 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2) -0.3298058 0.0239820 -13.752 < 2e-16 ***
## vowela 6.3839273 2.0851754 3.062 0.00222 **
## vowelae 15.0094862 2.0838248 7.203 7.43e-13 ***
## voweli 3.5257552 2.0951310 1.683 0.09251 .
## vowelu 28.4046665 2.1040235 13.500 < 2e-16 ***
## replication 0.0001372 0.0003278 0.418 0.67569
## generation -0.0001301 0.0001004 -1.296 0.19513
## LEN:vowela 1.7304347 0.5310529 3.258 0.00113 **
## LEN:vowelae 4.2151226 0.5305392 7.945 2.73e-15 ***
## LEN:voweli 0.7220936 0.5333202 1.354 0.17585
## LEN:vowelu 7.2126556 0.5365008 13.444 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowela 0.0978224 0.0333594 2.932 0.00339 **
## I(LEN^2):vowelae 0.2804658 0.0333196 8.417 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):voweli 0.0796083 0.0334865 2.377 0.01750 *
## I(LEN^2):vowelu 0.4684896 0.0337286 13.890 < 2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.5182 on 2983 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.9454, Adjusted R-squared: 0.9451
## F-statistic: 3228 on 16 and 2983 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## LEN 1 3021 3021.4 14268.920 <2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2) 1 202 202.5 956.330 <2e-16 ***
## vowel 4 5277 1319.2 6230.173 <2e-16 ***
## replication 1 0 0.0 0.009 0.922
## generation 1 1 0.6 2.670 0.102
## LEN:vowel 4 137 34.3 161.943 <2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowel 4 89 22.1 104.490 <2e-16 ***
## Residuals 2983 632 0.2
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = pc2.m0)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa 1.0899037 1.0173898 1.1624176 0
## ae-schwa 1.3862569 1.3137429 1.4587708 0
## i-schwa -1.2178188 -1.2903328 -1.1453049 0
## u-schwa -2.0827940 -2.1553079 -2.0102801 0
## ae-a 0.2963531 0.2238392 0.3688671 0
## i-a -2.3077225 -2.3802365 -2.2352086 0
## u-a -3.1726977 -3.2452116 -3.1001838 0
## i-ae -2.6040757 -2.6765896 -2.5315618 0
## u-ae -3.4690508 -3.5415648 -3.3965369 0
## u-i -0.8649752 -0.9374891 -0.7924612 0##
## Call:
## lm(formula = PC2 ~ LEN + I(LEN^2) + vowel + (LEN:vowel) + (I(LEN^2):vowel) +
## replication + generation, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -1.91833 -0.29979 0.02253 0.28418 2.18984
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 2.043e+01 1.333e+00 15.320 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN 4.487e+00 3.390e-01 13.238 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2) 2.399e-01 2.130e-02 11.263 < 2e-16 ***
## vowela -4.748e+00 1.852e+00 -2.564 0.010384 *
## vowelae -4.967e-01 1.850e+00 -0.268 0.788405
## voweli 2.873e+00 1.861e+00 1.544 0.122603
## vowelu 2.900e+01 1.868e+00 15.521 < 2e-16 ***
## replication -2.772e-05 2.911e-04 -0.095 0.924148
## generation 8.494e-06 8.918e-05 0.095 0.924125
## LEN:vowela -1.676e+00 4.716e-01 -3.553 0.000386 ***
## LEN:vowelae -7.881e-01 4.711e-01 -1.673 0.094469 .
## LEN:voweli 5.631e-01 4.736e-01 1.189 0.234530
## LEN:vowelu 7.345e+00 4.764e-01 15.417 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowela -1.165e-01 2.962e-02 -3.932 8.62e-05 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowelae -6.821e-02 2.959e-02 -2.305 0.021228 *
## I(LEN^2):voweli 6.002e-03 2.974e-02 0.202 0.840046
## I(LEN^2):vowelu 4.250e-01 2.995e-02 14.190 < 2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.4602 on 2983 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.9325, Adjusted R-squared: 0.9321
## F-statistic: 2576 on 16 and 2983 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## LEN 1 914 913.6 3389.574 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2) 1 13 13.1 48.617 3.82e-12 ***
## vowel 4 6612 1653.1 6133.002 < 2e-16 ***
## replication 1 0 0.0 0.001 0.98
## generation 1 5 5.2 19.282 1.17e-05 ***
## LEN:vowel 4 191 47.6 176.741 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowel 4 196 48.9 181.486 < 2e-16 ***
## Residuals 2983 804 0.3
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = pc3.m0)
##
## $vowel
## diff lwr upr p adj
## a-schwa -0.4037544 -0.485567 -0.3219417 0
## ae-schwa 1.3453207 1.263508 1.4271334 0
## i-schwa 2.6019135 2.520101 2.6837261 0
## u-schwa -1.7161854 -1.797998 -1.6343728 0
## ae-a 1.7490751 1.667262 1.8308878 0
## i-a 3.0056678 2.923855 3.0874805 0
## u-a -1.3124311 -1.394244 -1.2306184 0
## i-ae 1.2565927 1.174780 1.3384054 0
## u-ae -3.0615062 -3.143319 -2.9796935 0
## u-i -4.3180989 -4.399912 -4.2362863 0##
## Call:
## lm(formula = PC3 ~ LEN + I(LEN^2) + vowel + (LEN:vowel) + (I(LEN^2):vowel) +
## replication + generation, data = d)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -1.64753 -0.32629 -0.03025 0.28593 2.23827
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -3.580e+00 1.504e+00 -2.380 0.017397 *
## LEN 1.147e-01 3.824e-01 0.300 0.764223
## I(LEN^2) 6.539e-02 2.403e-02 2.721 0.006541 **
## vowela -4.981e+00 2.089e+00 -2.384 0.017182 *
## vowelae -8.372e+00 2.088e+00 -4.010 6.22e-05 ***
## voweli -2.993e+01 2.099e+00 -14.258 < 2e-16 ***
## vowelu 2.078e+01 2.108e+00 9.856 < 2e-16 ***
## replication -4.251e-05 3.284e-04 -0.129 0.897022
## generation -4.546e-04 1.006e-04 -4.518 6.47e-06 ***
## LEN:vowela -1.609e+00 5.321e-01 -3.024 0.002518 **
## LEN:vowelae -2.746e+00 5.315e-01 -5.166 2.55e-07 ***
## LEN:voweli -8.944e+00 5.343e-01 -16.738 < 2e-16 ***
## LEN:vowelu 5.041e+00 5.375e-01 9.378 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowela -1.275e-01 3.342e-02 -3.816 0.000138 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowelae -1.887e-01 3.338e-02 -5.653 1.73e-08 ***
## I(LEN^2):voweli -6.003e-01 3.355e-02 -17.894 < 2e-16 ***
## I(LEN^2):vowelu 2.741e-01 3.379e-02 8.110 7.33e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.5192 on 2983 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.9079, Adjusted R-squared: 0.9075
## F-statistic: 1839 on 16 and 2983 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16| DVs, interactions & R2 | JA | LP | LD | TCX | TCY | TTX | TTY | TBX | TBY | hyoidX | hyoidY | PC1(art) | PC2(art) | PC3(art) | F1 | F1.err | F2 | F2.err | F3 | F3.err | F4 | F4.err | F5 | F5.err | PC1(all) | PC2(all) | PC3(all) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LEN | -8.9 (1.3e-16***) | -1 (0.0012**) | 0.0054 (0.99) | -1.7 (5.7e-07***) | -2.6 (8.9e-25***) | 2.9 (1.2e-06***) | 6.9 (3.1e-32***) | 1.9 (0.021*) | 4.6 (8.5e-18***) | -2.6 (4.2e-27***) | -1.2 (1.2e-14***) | -0.69 (0.065) | -3.8 (2.2e-22***) | -3 (2e-09***) | -0.13 (0.17) | 0.25 (0.0048**) | 0.053 (0.62) | 0.25 (0.067) | -3.4 (2.9e-49***) | 3.7 (1.7e-39***) | -1 (1.7e-07***) | 0.34 (0.12) | 1.3 (2.4e-16***) | 0.98 (1.9e-05***) | -3.5 (5.4e-20***) | 4.5 (6.5e-39***) | 0.11 (0.76) |
| LEN^2 | -0.6 (6.2e-19***) | -0.083 (2.8e-05***) | 0.034 (0.39) | -0.11 (2.1e-07***) | -0.19 (3.7e-33***) | 0.2 (9.5e-08***) | 0.41 (2.2e-28***) | 0.14 (0.0083**) | 0.29 (1.2e-17***) | -0.17 (1.4e-30***) | -0.11 (4e-30***) | -0.17 (7.2e-13***) | -0.21 (1.9e-18***) | -0.2 (1.9e-10***) | -0.0078 (0.19) | 0.016 (0.0045**) | 0.0035 (0.6) | 0.016 (0.064) | -0.23 (4.2e-56***) | 0.25 (4.2e-44***) | -0.068 (4.6e-08***) | 0.022 (0.1) | 0.076 (5.3e-15***) | 0.06 (2.8e-05***) | -0.33 (9e-42***) | 0.24 (7.6e-29***) | 0.065 (0.0065**) |
| vowel | . (4e-194***) | . (1.1e-311***) | . (0***) | . (0***) | . (0***) | . (1.4e-62***) | . (2.3e-63***) | . (5.8e-147***) | . (0***) | . (0***) | . (8e-73***) | . (0***) | . (0***) | . (0***) | . (0***) | . (8e-75***) | . (0***) | . (6.3e-260***) | . (0***) | . (1.7e-101***) | . (0***) | . (9.3e-55***) | . (0***) | . (0***) | . (0***) | . (0***) | . (0***) |
| replication | 5.2e-07 (1) | -0.00015 (0.57) | -0.00052 (0.34) | 0.00027 (0.34) | 0.00014 (0.51) | -0.00024 (0.64) | -0.00018 (0.72) | -0.00029 (0.68) | 3.1e-06 (0.99) | -0.00023 (0.26) | 3.3e-05 (0.81) | 9.6e-05 (0.76) | -8.6e-05 (0.8) | 3.2e-05 (0.94) | 4.7e-05 (0.56) | 0.00011 (0.14) | 3.1e-05 (0.73) | -5.9e-05 (0.61) | 4.7e-05 (0.81) | 2.3e-05 (0.92) | 0.0001 (0.54) | -5e-06 (0.98) | -0.00014 (0.29) | -0.0002 (0.31) | 0.00014 (0.68) | -2.8e-05 (0.92) | -4.3e-05 (0.9) |
| generation | -0.0032 (4e-29***) | 0.00075 (2.4e-19***) | -0.0002 (0.23) | -8.4e-05 (0.34) | -4.9e-06 (0.94) | -0.00045 (0.0045**) | 0.00048 (0.0018**) | 0.0007 (0.0011**) | -1.1e-05 (0.94) | -0.00045 (1.2e-12***) | -2e-05 (0.63) | 0.00019 (0.055) | -0.00054 (9.5e-08***) | -0.0003 (0.022*) | -0.00024 (6.2e-22***) | -0.00028 (5.6e-33***) | -0.00013 (2.1e-06***) | -0.0003 (1e-16***) | 8.1e-05 (0.17) | -0.00049 (1.8e-11***) | -0.00028 (8.6e-08***) | -0.00058 (6.6e-24***) | -0.00033 (1.8e-16***) | -0.00044 (4.6e-13***) | -0.00013 (0.2) | 8.5e-06 (0.92) | -0.00045 (6.5e-06***) |
| LEN:vowel | . (4.6e-28***) | . (1.8e-53***) | . (2e-42***) | . (0***) | . (2e-225***) | . (2.4e-18***) | . (1.4e-68***) | . (3.5e-38***) | . (2.2e-28***) | . (5e-139***) | . (2.1e-31***) | . (5.8e-135***) | . (1.3e-80***) | . (4.2e-140***) | . (1.1e-110***) | . (3.2e-107***) | . (0***) | . (0***) | . (4.1e-42***) | . (2.9e-126***) | . (1.1e-53***) | . (2e-34***) | . (7.6e-89***) | . (5.6e-302***) | . (4.8e-135***) | . (1.4e-125***) | . (4.9e-136***) |
| LEN^2:vowel | . (2.1e-11***) | . (0.00012***) | . (0.0076**) | . (4.1e-228***) | . (5e-81***) | . (4.9e-21***) | . (3.6e-11***) | . (1.3e-10***) | . (5.2e-21***) | . (4.4e-07***) | . (2.5e-19***) | . (9.1e-22***) | . (1.9e-42***) | . (2.9e-96***) | . (8.8e-135***) | . (4.3e-11***) | . (2.2e-246***) | . (2e-217***) | . (5.4e-54***) | . (1.2e-86***) | . (1.5e-58***) | . (3.1e-30***) | . (0***) | . (0***) | . (1.9e-51***) | . (2.1e-83***) | . (2.4e-139***) |
| adjusted R2 | 34.6% | 47.6% | 49.2% | 88.3% | 78.1% | 17.8% | 40.7% | 25.2% | 55.4% | 60.5% | 87.0% | 93.3% | 87.6% | 74.7% | 99.5% | 31.3% | 99.8% | 69.1% | 72.9% | 65.1% | 55.8% | 21.0% | 73.7% | 79.9% | 94.5% | 93.2% | 90.7% |
Regression of articulators on LEN, vowel and generation for mobile hyoid (with 95%CI).
Regression of articulators on LEN, vowel and generation for mobile hyoid (with 95%CI).
Regression of formants on LEN, vowel and generation for mobile hyoid (with 95%CI).
Regression of PCs on LEN, vowel and generation for mobile hyoid (with 95%CI).
Articulators vs VTRatio (raw data).